Search database
LIST OPTIONS
Filter
3372
Filtered Results: 3372
Text search: First line drug management
Featured
Language
Document type
No document type
2177
Studies & Reports
429
Guidelines
422
Manuals
134
Strategic & Response Plan
114
Training Material
45
Fact sheets
28
Situation Updates
13
Infographics
5
Resource Platforms
3
Online Courses
2
Countries / Regions
India
239
Kenya
122
South Africa
98
Ethiopia
96
Uganda
92
Global
91
Nigeria
80
Western and Central Europe
74
Nepal
73
Malawi
69
Tanzania
68
Sierra Leone
66
Liberia
61
Myanmar / Burma
56
Zambia
54
Bangladesh
48
Ghana
44
Rwanda
43
Namibia
43
Africa
42
Eastern Europe
35
Latin America and the Carribbean
33
South–East Asia Region
27
Zimbabwe
26
Philippines
26
Cambodia
26
Lesotho
25
Asia
24
Ukraine
22
Botswana
18
Indonesia
17
Syria
16
Congo, Democratic Republic of
14
Senegal
13
Mozambique
13
Eswatini/ Swaziland
12
Cameroon
11
Burkina Faso
11
East and Southern Africa
11
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
9
Tajikistan
8
Colombia
8
West and Central Africa
8
Russia
8
Pakistan
8
Albania
7
USA
7
Haiti
7
South Sudan
7
Thailand
6
Benin
6
Afghanistan
6
Guinea
6
Western Pacific Region
6
Vietnam
6
Sudan
6
Laos
5
Venezuela
5
Middle East and North Africa
5
Brazil
5
Moldova
5
Georgia
5
Iraq
5
Turkey
4
China
4
Germany
4
United Kingdom
4
North Macedonia
3
Timor Leste/ East Timor
3
Mexico
3
El Salvador
3
Iran
3
Fiji
3
Peru
3
Jordan
3
Argentina
3
Lebanon
3
Papua New Guinea
3
Sri Lanka
3
Central African Republic
3
Bhutan
3
Somalia
3
Armenia
2
North America
2
Jamaica
2
France
2
Spain
2
Côte d’Ivoire / Ivory Coast
2
Bolivia
2
Mali
2
North Korea
1
Gambia
1
Kazakhstan
1
Chile
1
Canada
1
Estonia
1
Kyrgyzstan
1
Congo-Brazzaville
1
Niger
1
Uzbekistan
1
Morocco
1
Bulgaria
1
Lithuania
1
Saudi Arabia
1
Paraguay
1
Gabon
1
Uruguay
1
Turkmenistan
1
Denmark
1
Maldives
1
Mauritius
1
Tunisia
1
Portugal
1
Nicaragua
1
Romania
1
Greece
1
Honduras
1
Libya
1
Madagascar
1
Guatemala
1
Authors & Publishers
et al.
158
Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
29
IACAPAP
27
Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention
18
CDC
13
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
13
Dept. of Health, Republic of South Africa
9
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
8
European Union
8
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
8
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation
8
ICAP
8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
7
Centre for Health & Infectious Disease Research
7
END TB
7
Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
7
Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health
7
Department of Health, Republic of South Africa
6
Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
5
African Union
5
BMJ Global Health
5
C. Daniels, et al.
5
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
5
D. Raben
5
EngenderHealth
5
Eurasian Harm Reduction Network
5
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia -Ministry of Health
5
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health
5
Federal Ministry of Health, Uganda
5
Government of Tanzania
5
BioMed central
4
BMC Health Services Research
4
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
4
Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria
4
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
4
Food, Medicine and Health care Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (FMHACA)
4
Ghana AIDS Commission
4
Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)
4
A. Aerts, M. Grzemska
3
A. Bone
3
A. Sönnerborg
3
A. Turkova
3
Africa CDC
3
BUKO Pharma-Kampagne
3
CCM Georgia
3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
3
Department of Health (DOH)
3
Elsevier
3
et al
3
EU
3
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
3
FHI 360
3
G. Sander
3
Global Laboratory Initiative
3
Government of Malawi
3
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Department of Health Services, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
3
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
3
Government of Uganda
3
Harm Reduction International
3
Human Resources for Health
3
Human Rights Watch
3
ICF International
3
ICF Macro, USA
3
4Children
2
A. Bitalabeho
2
A. Kanchar
2
A. Latypov
2
Access to Medicine Foundation
2
Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy
2
African Palliative Care Association
2
American Diabetes Association
2
and ICF
2
Avert
2
Becher, H.
2
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
2
BMC Infectious Diseases
2
BMZ
2
Brunner B., J. Barnes, A. Carmona et. al.
2
C. Ködmön
2
CaLP
2
Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA)
2
Catholic Relief Services CRS
2
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
2
Central TB Divison, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of India
2
Child Health Division, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of India
2
Child Protection in Crisis
2
CII Confederation of Indian Industry
2
Conflict and Health
2
D. Wolfe
2
Daniel Kojo Arhinful
2
Department of Basic Education
2
Department of Health (DOH) Philippines
2
Department of Health and Human Services
2
Directorate General of Drug Administration,, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, People's Republic of Bangladesh
2
Donaldson, Liam
2
Dr. V. R. Kandula
2
E. Abrams
2
E. Negussie
2
E. Subata
2
Eastern Mediterranean Region
2
ECHO
2
Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network (EPN)
2
Engender Health Society (Improving Women's Health Worldwide)
2
ERS
2
etc al.
2
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
2
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
2
European Commission
2
European Union EU
2
F. Saini
2
Family Health International FHI
2
Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia
2
Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Republic of Nigeria
2
FHI360
2
FIND
2
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
2
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2
Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia
2
G. Shaw
2
G. Venugopal
2
German Bishops' Conference Research Group on International Church Affairs
2
Ghana Health Service Ghana
2
GIZ
2
Global fund
2
Global Heart
2
Governement of Nepal, Family Health Division Department of Health Services
2
Government of India
2
Government of Lesotho
2
Government of Liberia
2
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
2
H. Getahun
2
Health System Trust
2
Hindawi
2
i-base
2
IACG Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicral Resistance
2
ICAP Columbia University
2
ICAP Columbia University (Mailman School of Public Health)
2
ICASO
2
ICF International, et al.
2
(CDC) Center for disease control and prevention
1
(Regional Office of the World Health Organization)
1
, S. Evans‐Lacko
1
, S. Eymard-Duvernay
1
.World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
2021 Malawi Sustainability Index and Dashboard Summary
1
390: 898&ndash
1
912
1
A. Abdul-Quader
1
A. Abdul-Quader, M. Berry, T. Bingham
1
A. Abdulmoneim
1
A. Adesina
1
A. Armstrong
1
A. Baddeley
1
A. Bello Cherifath
1
A. Benzacar
1
A. Bokazhanova
1
A. Boltaev
1
A. Brown
1
A. Chiumento
1
A. Cournil
1
A. E. Kendall
1
A. Figueroa
1
A. G. Yemaneberhan
1
A. Guedes
1
A. Gupta
1
A. Horban
1
A. Hovhannesyan, P. Moonan, A. Dadu
1
A. Ivanenko
1
A. J. Shattock
1
A. Kamensa, S. Olsena
1
A. Kanabus
1
A. Lachman
1
A. LC de Vries
1
A. Locke, N. Kirst, C.G. Shultz
1
A. Lycett
1
A. M. Tavares
1
A. Mahieu
1
A. Malaza
1
A. Marconi
1
A. Miruka
1
A. Miti
1
A. Moolla, S. Kgowedi et al.
1
A. Murray-Zmijewski
1
A. Pharris
1
A. Piubello
1
A. Prüss-Ustün
1
A. Rihan
1
A. Scandurra, Dr. S. Libianchi, G. Parisi
1
A. Smajljaj
1
A. Stengaard
1
A. T. Makadzange
1
A. Teltschik
1
A. van Ahee
1
A. Vieno
1
A. Volokha
1
A. von Gontard
1
A.-C. ZK Bissek
1
A.Hill, T. Swan and K.Timmermans
1
A.I. Kryvoruk
1
A.Sullivan
1
A.V. Sudakova
1
Aantjes, C.
1
Aaron M Kipp, Margaret Maimbolwa, Marie A Brault et al.
1
Aarti Patel, Patrick Mubangizi, Christa Cepuch
1
Abdool-Gaffar, S. et al.
1
Abela-Ridder, B.
1
Aboud S., R. Mdegela
1
Academy for Educational Development
1
Academy of Medical Royal Colleges , England
1
Access Campaign, Médecins sans Frontières
1
ACF International Network
1
Ackerman Gulaid, Laurie
1
ACPR
1
ACT Watch Group  et al
1
ACT-Accelerator: An economic investment case & financing requirements
1
ACTafrica, HNP
1
ACTION global health advocacy partnership
1
ACTION partner oranizations
1
ActionAid Myanmar
1
Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau
1
Adrian Sondheimer
1
Advanced Life Support Group, Childhealth Advocacy International
1
Advancing Partners & Communities (APC)
1
AECT
1
African Development Bank
1
African Journal of Thoracic and Critical Care Medicine
1
African Population Studies
1
African Prgramme for Onchocerciasis Control
1
AfrOx
1
Aftab Ala, Elizabeth Boxall, Steven Bradley et al.
1
Aga Khan Health Service, Kenya
1
Aga Khan Health Services, Kenya
1
Ager, A, Ager, W, Stavrou, V. & Boothby, N.
1
AHOP National Centre based in Nigeria
1
AidData at William & Mary
1
AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa
1
AIDS Foundation of South Africa
1
AIDS Free
1
AIDS Free (Strenghtening High Impact Interventions for a AIDS-free Generation)
1
AIDSFree
1
AIDSinfo
1
Aidsmap
1
Ajijola, O.A. et al.
1
akkon Hochschule für Humanwissenschaften
1
Albanian Center for Population and Development (ACPD)
1
Alemu Tilahun, H.
1
Alexander Butchart, David Brown, Andrew Wilson, and Christopher Mikton
1
Alipanah N, Jarlsberg L et al.
1
Allers, Claudia, Timothy O’Hearn, and Meba Kagone
1
Alliance
1
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
1
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR) and World Health Organization
1
Allied Publishers Private LTD.
1
Almeida C
1
Altweck, L.
1
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and American Psychiatric Association
1
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP)
1
American Academy of Family Physicians
1
American Public Health Association
1
Aminul Hasan
1
Amnesty International
1
Amodeo, C. et al.
1
Amterdam Institute for Global health & Development aighd
1
and F. Serhan
1
and I. Walker
1
Andrade, D.
1
Andreas Sandgren, Marieke J. van der Werf, Netta Beer et al.
1
Andy Barraclough
1
Angelo Barbato, Martine Vallarino, Filippo Rapisarda, et al.
1
Angwenyi, V.
1
Anjela Taneja and Amitabha Sarkar
1
Anna Marriott
1
Anne Griffin, Patricia A. Potter
1
Anne-Sophie Coutin, et al.
1
Anthony W. Solomon, Marcia Zondervan, Hannah Kuper, et al.
1
Anushka Kalyanpur
1
AOSIS
1
AOSIS Publishing
1
Appleton, R.E. & Cross, J.H.
1
Arias, Daniel
1
Arkangelo Ali Association
1
Arlington, VA: USAID’s AIDS Support and Technical Assistance Resources, AIDSTAR-One, Task Order 1
1
Armenian National AIDS Center
1
Armstrong, J.
1
Arne H Eide & Bhekie Jele
1
Asakura S.
1
ASEAN for Mental Health
1
Ashorn, P.
1
Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
1
Asia-Pacific Community Mental Health Development Project
1
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)
1
Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)
1
Assistance Coordination Unit
1
Associazione Antigone
1
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance & Policy Analysis
1
Atherstone D.
1
Atlantes
1
ATLAS on substance use (2010)— Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder
1
August Burns, Linda O’Neal Eckert, Susan Hariri et al
1
Aung Zayar Paing
1
Australian Women's Health Network
1
Awudu, RA.
1
Awusabo-Asare, K.
1
B. Akkazieva
1
B. Chimukangara
1
B. Killingo
1
B. Mboya, P. Maro, J. Gulaka et al.
1
B. Moges, B. Amare, F. Asfaw, et al.
1
B. Pick
1
B. Poelman, K.G. Dewey, et al.
1
B. Weil
1
B. Williams
1
B.Bandelo, S. Michaelis, D. Wedekind
1
B.S. Kamps
1
Back Pack Health Worker Team (BPHWT)
1
BAff
1
Baghdadi-Sabeti , G.
1
Bahiru, E.
1
Balaji, V., P. Rupali, K. Walia, et al.
1
Balamurali, M.
1
BALSAM
1
Bangpan, M
1
Banks, L.M. & Keogh, M.
1
BASICS
1
Bauer, H.
1
Bauersachs, J.
1
Bălă, G.P.
1
Beard, R. Suzanne
1
Beardsley, Kip., A. Zapfel, and T. Williamson
1
Belkum, A.van, T. T. Bachmann, G. Lüdke, et al.
1
Ben Naafs, et al.
1
Benjamin O Alli [et al.]
1
Berkley, James A.
1
Berlin, E.
1
Berliner, D.
1
Best Care Always South Africa
1
Bethesda, MD: Health Finance & Governance Project, Abt Associates Inc.
1
Better Care
1
Beverly D Glass
1
Bhuiyan MR , et al.
1
Bickley, Shaun
1
Bio Med Central
1
Bischöfliches Hilfswerk MISEREOR, Brot für die Welt, Global Policy Forum
1
Blum, JA.
1
BMA
1
BMC
1
BMC Health Services Research, part of Springer Nature​
1
BMC Public Health
1
BMJ
1
BMJ Journals
1
BMJ PACK
1
Board on Global Health
1
Board on Health Sciences Policy
1
Bodeker, Gerard (Ed.)
1
Bonsu FA, Hanson-Nortey NN, Afutu FK et al.
1
Borgeson, J. R.
1
Bosnia and Herzegovina Council of Ministers,
1
Boston Consulting Group
1
Botswana Ministry of Education and Skills Development
1
Bower, J.
1
Brady, O. J. et all.
1
Breathe
1
Brindha, J.
1
British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation
1
British HIV Association
1
Brown, T.
1
Bui, B., Ohye, B., Palitz, S., et al.
1
Buissonniere, M.
1
Bull World Health Organ
1
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1
Burns, A. and S. Iliffe
1
Burri, C.
1
Bush, A.
1
C. Bachmann
1
C. Benedikt
1
C. C. Onyedum, I. Alobu, K. N. Ukwaja
1
C. Carandang
1
C. Contini, M. Maritari, M. die Nuzzo, et al.
1
C. Cravero, S. Danner et. al.
1
C. Freeman
1
C. Gray
1
C. Hamelmann
1
C. Hanlon, A. Alem, C. Lund, et al.
1
C. K. Mbuba
1
C. Kalpaki, M. Moudatsou, E. Maraki, et al.
1
C. Kanabkaew
1
C. Kieling
1
C. L. Moore
1
C. Lienhardt
1
C. MacNamara, L. Varley, P. M. McNamara
1
C. Nkoke
1
C. Oprea
1
C. Opreab
1
C. R. Newton
1
C. Rae
1
C. Savolainen-Kopra
1
C. Servili
1
C. Soutullo
1
C. Taylor, A. Linn, W. Wang, and H. Moussa
1
C. Venkatraman
1
C.Victor
1
CAAP12
1
Cambodian Insittute for Cooperation and Peace
1
Cambridge University Press
1
Camp, R. and C. Hoffmann
1
Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy
1
CARE
1
CARE International
1
Care, UNO Women, Unicef et al.
1
Caroline Favas
1
Carrillo-Larco
1
Casa
1
Cash R et al.
1
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1
CDC et al.
1
CDS
1
Cecchi, G.
1
Cecchini, M.
1
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organisation
1
Center for Innovation and Impact (CII), USAID
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Water Works Association
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, American Nurses Association ANA
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV
1
Centers for Disease Prevention and Control CDC
1
Centers of Disease Control CDC
1
Central Asia-Caucasus Institute
1
Central Leprosy Division Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
CENTRAL MONITORING A ND EVALUATION DIVISI ON (CMED)
1
Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
1
Central Statistical Office Lusaka
1
Central TB Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
1
Central TB Division, Director ate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
1
Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Nirman Bhavan
1
Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
1
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health CAMH
1
Centre for Health & Infectious Disease Research (CHIP)
1
Centre for Heath & Infectious Disease Research
1
Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation (CHRR), Centre for Development of People (CEDEP) et al.
1
Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health (CMNH), from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)
1
Chagas Coalition
1
Chaitkin, Michael
1
Chakane, Ntema
1
Challenge TB
1
Chana, R
1
Chandani, Y.
1
Chapeyama, Oliver
1
Charité
1
Chas J., Hema A., Slama L. et. al.
1
Chatanga, Peter
1
Cheema B., A. Westwood
1
Cheesbrough, M.
1
Childhealth Advocacy International, Advanced Life Support Group
1
Children & AIDS
1
Chimimba, F.
1
Chipungu, C.
1
Chowell and Nishiura
1
Chris Naylor
1
Christensen, Alice et al.
1
Christian aid
1
Christian Connections for International Health (CCIH)
1
Christoffel Blinden Mission (CBM)
1
Christoffel-Blinden Mission (CBM)
1
Christoffel-Blindenmission (CBM)
1
CHW Central
1
CIES IUL
1
Circulation
1
Claudia Hanson, Jonathan Cox, Godfrey Mbaruku, et al.
1
Clear Waters from Pharmaceuticals (CWPharma)
1
Clinical Care Options
1
Clinical Infectious Diseases
1
ClinMed International Library
1
CMAM
1
Cohen, R., Sharonann, L., Bygrave, H., et al
1
Coignez, V., Hajjou, M., and Smine
1
Cole CP, James PB, Kargbo AT
1
Colin Cook
1
College of American Pathologists
1
Comité internacional de la Cruz roja
1
Common Sense for Drug Policy
1
Communicable Disease Control Branch - Manitoba Health
1
Communicable Diseases Project Directorate for Social and Human Development and Special Programmes, SADC Secretariat, Gaborone, Botswana
1
Community Development Medicinal Unit
1
community health acceleration partnership
1
Community Health Impact Coalition
1
Community Health Roadmap
1
Congressional Research Service
1
Conlon C., T. McDonnell, M. Barrett, et al.
1
Conselho Nacional de Combate ao HIV e SIDA (CNCS), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS)
1
Constella Futures
1
Cook, R.
1
Cooper, P. J.
1
CORE Group
1
Corrado Barbui, Tarun Dua, Kavitha Kolappa et al.
1
COTS Program
1
Coulibaly M., N. Meda, C. Yonaba et al.
1
Craig, J.
1
Cristina Otero Garcia
1
Critical Care Networks - National Nurse Leads
1
Crofts, K.
1
CURATIO International Foundation
1
Curry International Tuberculosis Center, State of California, California Health & Human Service Agency, Department of Public Health
1
Cynthia Green
1
D. Adams
1
D. Barr
1
D. Breuer
1
D. Burrows
1
D. D. Bui
1
D. Daley
1
D. Dufour
1
D. Ewing
1
D. Ford
1
D. Gokengina,
1
D. Gomez-Pastrana
1
D. Gökengin
1
D. Gyamfi Amoako, R. Carrel Founou, et al.
1
D. H. Mulligan,
1
D. Jamieson
1
D. Liriope
1
D. Luo
1
D. Maradiaga
1
D. Ocheret
1
D. Radeloff
1
D. S. Abebe
1
D. S. Nsagha
1
D. Yu
1
D.Currie
1
D.de Lange
1
Damasceno, A
1
Dan Chisholm, Kim Sweeny, Peter Sheehan, et al.
1
Danel, Isabella
1
DATER House
1
David H. Peters, Nhan T. Tran, Taghreed Adam
1
David Lloyd Roberts
1
David Marsh, Ashley Aakesson, Kechi Anah et al.
1
De Beni, Davide
1
de Carvalho-Pinto, R. M.
1
De la Porte, A.
1
De Neve. J.-E.
1
Deborah Armbruster, Diana Beck, Susan Goldman, Phyllis Long
1
Deconinck H., S. Diene, P. Bahwere
1
Decree of Minister of Health – Republic of Indonesia
1
Delfini Cançado, J. E.
1
Denis Mubiru, Robert Byabasheija, John Baptist Bwanika, et al.
1
Dennis Falzon, Elizabeth Harausz, Ernesto Jaramillo et al.
1
Deparment of Health, South Africa
1
Department of Health
1
Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers Welfare
1
Department of Aids Control, NACO, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
1
Department of Basic Education: Republic of South Africa
1
Department of Disability and elderly affairs
1
Department of Health
1
Department of Health & Department of Basic Education, Republic of South Africa
1
Department of Health & Family Welfare Government of Kerala
1
Department of Health & Human Services
1
Department of Health (DOH), Republic of the Philippines
1
Department of Health Research Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
1
Department of Health Services Ministry of Health Nepal
1
Department of Health, Comic Relief and the Big Lottery Fund
1
Department of Health, National Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Disease Prevention and Control
1
Department of Health: Republic of South Africa
1
Department of Labour, Republic of South Africa
1
Department of Nutrition
1
Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Gabarone, Botswana
1
Department: Health Republic of South Africa
1
Departments of Health and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Republic of South Africa
1
Dept of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, South Africa
1
Dept. of Health
1
Dept. of HIV and AIDS
1
Dept. of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
1
Dept. of Psychiatry
1
Deutsche Gesellschaft für International Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
1
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
1
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
1
Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
1
Dheda, K.
1
DHHS Publication
1
DHS
1
DHS Program
1
Diallo A., D. L. Dahourou, T. T. E. Dah et al.
1
Diarra, A. et al.
1
Dibb-Fuller, E, T. Liversedge
1
DIFÄM (German Institute for Medical Mission)
1
Differentiated service delivery
1
Diouf A., T. J. Youbong, F. L. Dieye et. al.
1
Directorate General of Health Services , Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
1
Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India
1
Division of Reproductive Health Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya
1
Divisions of Community Health Services, UNICEF
1
DNDi - Drugs for neglected diseases initiative
1
DOTS, WHO
1
Doubova SV, Leslie HH, Kruk ME, et al.
1
Doug Reeler, Akke Schuurmans, Jeroen Overweel
1
Dove Medical Press Limited
1
DR
1
Dr F Siyoi, Dr C Forshaw, Dr J Mbuva ,Dr M Thuo, Dr N Mucheru, Dr E Ominde-Ogaja, Dr R Mbindyo, Mrs R Kirika
1
Dr T Apalata, Dr C Bamford, Mr D Benjamin et al.
1
Dr. Bin Bishr, A
1
Dr. A. Kumar
1
Dr. J. Rule
1
Dr. Joseph Sitienei OGW
1
Dr. M. Dara
1
Dr. M. Gurung
1
Dr. M. Kavtaradze, Dr. S. Ciobanu
1
Dr. Martin Sirengo
1
Dr. Nathan Kenya Mugisha, Ministry of Health Uganda
1
Dr. R. S. Gupta
1
Dr. S. Godinjak
1
Dr. Sabita Malla (The Micronutrient Initiative (MI), Ministry of Health Nepal)
1
Dr. Z. Cardaklija
1
Dressler D. D., MD, MSc Director OF
1
Druetz T.
1
Drug Administration and Control Authority (DACA) of Ethiopia
1
Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia , et al.
1
Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia Contents
1
Drug Safety
1
Drug War Facts
1
Drugs Advisory Board, Republic of Botswana (Gabarone, Botswana)
1
Dunn, L., Chea
1
Dutch Association of Abortion Specialists (NGvA)
1
Dutra, W.
1
Dwyer, S.C.
1
Dzabala, N. et al.
1
D’A. Richardson
1
D’Arcy Richardson, PATH, and Greg Pirio, Empower Communications
1
E Clinical Medecine (Published by the Lancet)
1
E. A. Cooreman
1
E. André
1
E. Baron, E. Breuer, et al.
1
E. Chiappini
1
E. Ejigu and A. Korra
1
E. Garralda, et al.
1
E. Ista
1
E. J. Abrams
1
E. Jané-Llopis
1
E. L. Petroski
1
E. Masaki
1
E. Restoy
1
E. Sonuga-Barke
1
E. Subata,
1
E. Venturini
1
E. Vieta, T. Ahmed Okasha, et al.
1
E. Whyle
1
E. Zhou
1
E.Bernard
1
E.G. Brown Jr, D.S. Dooley, K. Smith
1
EACS European AIDS Clinical Society
1
EACS European AIDS Clinical Society (Европейского клинического общества СПИДа)
1
EAT Lancet Commission
1
Ebens, B., E. Fosse, M. Niechzial, et al.
1
EBW Healthcare
1
ec al.
1
ECDC European Center for disease prevention and control
1
Economist Impact
1
Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network
1
Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network EPN
1
Edielu, A.
1
Education Development Center
1
Education International
1
Edward O'Neil Jr
1
ehra (eurasian harm reduction association)
1
Eiling, E. & van Diggele-Holtland, M.
1
Elaine Abrams, Tsitsi Apollo, Janet Bhila et al.
1
Elaine Abrams, Wafaa El-Sadr, and Miriam Rabkin
1
Elaine Schlosser Lewis Fund
1
Eliud Wandwalo, Claire Moodie, Yared Kebede Haile, Amos Kutwa, Odile Ferroussier, Chawalit Natpratan
1
Elizabeth Glaser Foundation
1
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
1
Elly T. Katabira,Moses R. Kamya, Israel Kalyesubula, Alice Namale
1
Elsevir
1
EMA European Medicines Agency
1
Emily Keane, Andrea King, Anthony Awira et al.
1
Engagement Global
1
Engelman, D. et al.
1
EngenderHealt&#59
1
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
1
EQUINET
1
Eric Maskin, Célestin Monga, Josselin Thuilliez and others
1
ESMO
1
et al,
1
et. al
1
Ethioian Health Insurance Agency
1
Ethiopia, Ministry of Health
1
Ethiopian Drug Administration and Control Authority (DACA)
1
Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority
1
Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority
1
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute
1
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute Public Health Emergency Management Centre
1
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1
EuroHealth Observer
1
Europe PMC Funders Group
1
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership EDCTTP
1
European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS)
1
European Association for the Study of the Liver
1
European Asylum Support Office
1
European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) andEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA)
1
European Commission Humanitarian Aid
1
European Commission, Government of Luxembourg
1
European Interagency Security Forum
1
European Interagency Security Forum (EISF)
1
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Eurostation
1
European of Psychotraumatology
1
European Public Health Alliance (EPHA), Changing Markets
1
European Respiratory Society
1
European Resuscitation Council
1
European Resuscitation Council ERC
1
European Society of Cardiology
1
European specialist nurse organisation (ESN)
1
Evangelina IN, Inês T, Miguelhete L et al
1
Evans, Timothy Grant
1
Evelina Tacconelli, Michael Buhl, Hilary Humphreys et al.
1
Evidence to Action
1
Ewig S.
1
Expert Committee on Pediatric Epilepsy, Indian Academy of Pediatrics
1
Extended Programme on Immunisation NDoH
1
Extending Service Delivery (ESD) Project, USAID
1
Ezea, CO.
1
Ezewudo, BI.
1
F. Biadglegne, U. Sack, A. C. Rodloff
1
F. Bozzani et al.
1
F. Braddick
1
F. Brigden
1
F. D.Zepf
1
F. Hariga
1
F. Kiweewa, A.Dasgupta
1
F. Lambert
1
F. Nakagawa
1
F. Ndugulile
1
F. O. Fasina, Fasanmi O.G., Makonnen Y. J., et al.
1
F. Pérez
1
F. S.Sarfo, M. Sarpong Duah, et al.
1
F. Verde
1
F.Simona,E.Javellea ,A.Cabie, et al.
1
F1000Research
1
Faculty of Nursing, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone
1
Family Health International (FHI)
1
Family Health Options Kenya, International Planned Parenthood Federation
1
Family Planning Services - Federal Ministry of Health
1
Family Welfare , Government of India,
1
Fanjul, G.
1
Fanta Project
1
FAO
1
FDI World Dental Federation
1
Federal Bureau of Prisons
1
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health
1
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health
1
Federal Government of Nigeria
1
Federal Government of Somalia, Puntland & Somaliland, Zonal NMCPs
1
Federal HIV
1
Federal Ministries of Agriculture, Environment and Health
1
Federal Ministries of Health & Youth Development
1
Federal Ministry of Health
1
Federal Ministry Of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
1
Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria , World Health Organisation (WHO)
1
Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria , World Health Organisation (WHO), DFID, et al.
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Dept. of Public Health, National HIV
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Hygiene and Environment Health Department Ethiopia
1
Ference, B.A.
1
Ferreyra C., D. O’Brien, B. Alonso
1
FIGO
1
Figueiredo, C. A.
1
Fiji Pharmaceutical Service
1
FIP Working Group on Pharmacists and HIV-AIDS
1
Fitzgerald, D.A. et al.
1
Flaurine J - J. Joseph et al.
1
Fleischer, K. et al.
1
Fleischer, K., et al.
1
Fleisher, Lisa
1
Fontaine, Julie
1
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, World Health Organization WHO
1
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, World Health Organization WHO and World Organisation for Animal Health OiE
1
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, World Health Organization WHO, World Organisation for Animal Health
1
Food and Drug Authority (FDA), Ghana
1
Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), Ghana
1
Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project (FANTA-2)
1
Forde, Ian
1
Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada
1
Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders
1
Founou, L.L.
1
Francis Aboagye-Nyame, Heather Alexander, Zelalem Gizachew Belachew et al.
1
Franco, JR.
1
Frank Shann and John Vince
1
Fredrick K. Sawe
1
Frimpong, M.
1
Frontiers in Chemistry
1
Frontiers in Pediatrics
1
Frontiers in Veterinary Science
1
Fuchs A., J. Bielickia, S. Mathur, et.al.
1
G. Ayala, J. Garay, M. Aragon, et al.
1
G. B. Migliori, E. Pontali, G. Sotgiu, et al.
1
G. Bishwajit, C. Zhaohui, H. Zhifei
1
G. Divan
1
G. F. Tchouwa
1
G. Ivbijaro
1
G. J. Montalto
1
G. Jonsson
1
G. Kyselyova
1
G. Likatavicius
1
G. Mburu, D. Richardson
1
G. Pirio
1
G. Ravasi
1
G. Walter
1
G. Williams, E. Alarcón, S. Jittimanee et al.
1
G.H. Wills, E. Wobudeya, et al.
1
Gabriel Daniel, Kwesi Eghan
1
Gallo-Bernal, S.
1
Ganina L.Yu
1
Garcia C., Abreu L., Ramos J. , et al.
1
GARDP Global Acntibiotic Research & Dedvelopment Partnership
1
Gastroenterology Society of Kenya , Republic of Keny
1
Geissler, C.
1
Generalitat de Catalunya Department de Salud
1
Gerald Keusch, Keith McAdam, Patricia Cuff, Michelle Mancher, and Emily R. Busta
1
German Doctors
1
German Institute for Medical Mission
1
Germano MP, Elena F, Ndlovu N et al
1
Gertler, P. & Vermeersch, C.
1
GFATM
1
Ghana Health Service
1
Ghana Health Service (GHS)
1
Ghana Health Services
1
Ghana Prisons
1
Ghana, Ministry of Health
1
Gil, A.
1
Gildas Agodokpessi, Nadia Aït-Khaled, Martin Gninafon, Leon Tawo, Wilfried Bekou, Christophe Perrin, Karen Bissell, Nils Billo, Donald A Enarson, Chen-Yuan Chiang
1
Gilman, R.T.
1
GiZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
1
Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership—Tanzania Working Group
1
Global Tuberculosis Proqramme, World Health Organization
1
Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)
1
Global Asthma Network
1
Global Drug Facility
1
Global Fund Advocates Network
1
Global Health Action
1
Global Health Cluster
1
Global Health: Science and Practice
1
Global Laboratory Initiative (GLI), Stop TB Partnership
1
Global MediXchange for Combating COVID-19 (GMCC)
1
Global Network of People Living with HIV (GNP+)
1
Global Preparedness Monitoring Board
1
Global Task Force for Cholera Control
1
Global Task Force on Cholera
1
Godfrey, E.
1
Gojka Roglic, Cherian Varghese, Leanne Riley et al.
1
Gollob, K.
1
Goverment of India, Ministry of Ayush, National Medicinal Plants Board
1
Goverment of Lesotho
1
Governement of Nepal, Ministry of Health
1
Governement of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services
1
Government of Bangladesh
1
Government of Ethiopia
1
Government of Ethiopia, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
1
Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Health & Family Welfare
1
Government of Kenya
1
Government of Libya
1
Government of Nepal
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health Department of Health Services Leprosy Control Division
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population ( MoHP)
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Department of Health Services
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Department of Health Services, National Tuberculosis Center
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Family Health Division
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population National Center for AIDS and STD Control
1
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population
1
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population
1
Government of Nigeria
1
Government of Papua New Guinea
1
Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services ...
1
Government of Sierra Leone
1
GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SANITATION
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Department for International Development, UN Population Fund, Irish Aid
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Health Education Division
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, National Malaria Control Programme
1
Government of Southern Sudan, Ministry of Health
1
Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland Ministry of Health
1
Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland Ministry of Health, the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, USAID, and SPS
1
Government of the Netherlands
1
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Directorate General of Health Services
1
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services
1
Government of the Republic of Malawi
1
Government of the Republic of Zambia
1
Government of the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Development Programme
1
Government of Timor-Leste
1
Government of Zambia
1
Government of Zimbabwe
1
GP clinics
1
Graham, S.M.et al.
1
Greenpeace Germany
1
Grimshaw, J. M.
1
Guttmacher Institute
1
Guzman-Vilca, W. C.
1
H. Adler, Gould, S.
1
H. Bailey et al.
1
H. Becher
1
H. E. Jenkins, V. Crudu, V. Soltan, et al.
1
H. Fuenzalida
1
H. Gosney
1
H. H. Nguyen
1
H. Knoester
1
H. Marval-Ospino
1
H. Petkova, A.D. Tsouros, et al.
1
H. Ronald
1
H. Schünemann, S.T. Aung, F. Bonsu et al.
1
H. Tadeg
1
H.Getahun
1
H.L. Nguyen
1
H.N.C. Yoder, W..Tol, R. Reis and J.T.V.M. deJong
1
Haefele-Abah, C.
1
HAI
1
HAI Africa
1
Haldane, V., De Foo, C., Abdalla, S.M. et al.
1
Hall, S.
1
Handicap International
1
Hannah Faal, Rènée du Toit, Henrietta Monye, Ronnie Graham
1
Hans L. Rieder, Armand Van Deun, Kai Man Kam, Sang Jae Kim, T. Martin Chonde, Arnaud Trébucq, Richard Urbanczik
1
Harald Lutz, and Elisabetta Buscarini
1
Harinder Singh Chahal, Nazaire St. Fort, Lisa Bero
1
Harrison, V.
1
Hazardous Waste Experts
1
Hänselmann, A.
1
HBSC
1
HDI
1
HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA
1
Health & Family Welfare, Government of Kerala
1
Health Cluster Turkey Hub
1
Health Cluster, Nutrition Cluster, OCHA
1
Health Department: Republic of South Africa
1
Health Emergency Management Staff, DOH and WHO Philippines
1
Health Infrastructure Division
1
Health Policy and Planning
1
Health Policy Plus
1
Health Policy Project
1
Health Sector Support Program (HSSP)
1
Health Service and Population Research Department,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London
1
Health System Trust HST
1
Healthcare Improvement Scotland
1
HEART (Health & Education Advice and Resource Team
1
Helen Counihan
1
Helen Killaspy, Peter McPherson, Chiara Samele, Rene Keet, JM Caldas de Almeida
1
Hellen Gelband,Jha Prabhat, Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan et al.
1
HelpAge
1
HelpAge International Myanmar, University of Public Health and University of Medicine-2
1
Helthcare Improvement Scotland
1
Henao-Restrepo, A.M.
1
Hendrik CJ van Rensburg
1
Hepatology Society of the Philippines (HSP)
1
Herman Woerdenbag
1
Hhary, EP.
1
HHS Panels (*)
1
Hijazi, Z.
1
Hindawi Publishing Corporation AIDS Research and Treatment
1
Hine, P.
1
Hinnock, H.
1
HIP Family Planning High Impact Practices
1
hit.org.uk
1
Hitzeroth, J.
1
HIV and AIDS Ministry of Health
1
HIV Economics Reference Group
1
HIV i-Base
1
HIV i-BASE/TREATMENT ACTION GROUP
1
hler, Oliver Razum, Jean-Olivier Schmidt
1
Hodge, Matthew
1
Hoffmann, C.
1
Hoines, K.
1
Hospice Palliative Care Association of SOUTH AFRICA
1
Hoviyeh Afnan-Holmes, Moke Magoma, Theopista John, et al.
1
hrp human reproduction programme (research for impact)
1
HRSA
1
Hsia Y., B. R Lee, A. Versporten, et al
1
HSRSP, RTI International
1
Huffman, M. et al.
1
Huihui Wang, Nathaniel Otoo, and Lydia Dsane-Selby
1
Human Rights Monitoring Institute, Global Initiative on Psychiatry, Lithuanian Welfare Society for Persons with Mental Disability „Viltis“, Vilnius Center for Psychosocial Rehabilitation
1
Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience Programme Facility (HARP-F) & Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)
1
Humanitarian Country Team in Myanmar
1
Hung Nguyen-Viet
1
I. Bozicevic
1
I. Couto
1
I. D. Montoya
1
I. Eramova
1
I. Feijo
1
I. Fronteira
1
I. Hall
1
I. Mokrousov, (St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute)
1
I. Petersen
1
I. Teplinskaya
1
IAPB Africa
1
IASC
1
IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee)
1
IATT
1
ICAAP Secretariat
1
ICAP, et al.
1
ICF
1
ICF Macro
1
Publication Years
Category
Countries
1509
Clinical Guidelines
343
Public Health
174
Women & Child Health
152
Key Resources
61
Capacity Building
57
Pharmacy & Technologies
37
Toolboxes
TB
370
HIV
345
Mental Health
241
AMR
185
COVID-19
102
Pharmacy
95
NTDs
81
Caregiver
67
NCDs
61
Rapid Response
53
Ebola
43
Conflict
43
Planetary Health
35
Refugee
29
Disability
27
Global Health Education
25
Natural Hazards
19
Health Financing Toolbox
18
Polio
15
Cholera
13
Zika
9
Specific Hazards
8
Social Ethics
4
Effective malaria case management requires quick access to diagnostics and antimalarial treatments to reduce illness and death. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been essential to malaria treatment since 2001, as it combines artemisinin for rapid parasite reduction with a partner drug ... more
Clinical guideline, Methods, Evidence and Recommendations In this guideline the following is covered: information needs of people with chronic hep titis B and their carers; where children, young people and adults with chronic hepatitis B a- should be assessed; assessment of liver disease, includi... more
SCOPING QUESTION: In adults with acute convulsive seizures, where intravenous access is available, which first-line anti- epileptic medication should be used to abort seizures when compared to comparator?
Guidelines for treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care Uptsate 2017
The new guide provides practical, first-line management recommendations for mental, neurological and substance use conditions. Contents include modules on assessing and managing conditions such as acute stress, grief, moderate-severe depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, epilepsy, and... more
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) increasingly occur in resource-constrained settings. In the context of a national response to MDR- and XDR-TB, health workers in TB clinics (in district hospitals and some accredited health centres) wil... more
This study consists of a descriptive analysis of M. tuberculosis isolates from Beira Central Hospital, Mozambique, during 2014–2015, being the first report of a genotypic testing used to provide information about second line drug resistance in Mozambique. BMC Infectious Diseases (2016) 16:423 DO... more
sthma prevalence is increasing worldwide, and surveys indicate that most patients in developed and developing countries, including South Africa, do not receive optimal care and are therefore not well controlled. Standard management guidelines adapted to in-country realities are important to support ... more
The skin of a patient is the first and most visible structure of the body that any health-care worker encounters during the course of an examination. To the patient, it is also highly visible, and any disease that affects it is noticeable and will have an impact on personal and social well-being. Th... more
WHO recommends that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) be offered as an additional prevention choice for HIV-negative individuals at substantial risk of HIV infection as part of combination prevention approaches. HIV drug resistance has been rarely reported among PrEP users who tested HIV positive i... more
Malar J (2017) 16:174 DOI 10.1186/s12936-017-1808-x Background: Since 2004, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Benin. In 2016, a medicine outlet survey was implemented to investigate the availability, price, and market share of... more
This report provides an update on the key facets of HIV treatment access, including the latest HIV treatment guidelines from World Health Organization (WHO), an overview on pricing for first-line, second-line, and salvage regimens, and a summary of the opportunities for – and threats to – expand... more
The recommendations in these guidelines promote the use of simple, non-invasive diagnostic tests to assess the stage of liver disease and eligibility for treatment; prioritize treatment for those with most advanced liver disease and at greatest risk of mortality; and recommend the preferred use of n... more
The guidelines are aimed at clinical professionals directly involved with and responsible for the care of adults with HIV infection, and at community advocates responsible for promoting the best interests and care of HIV-positive adults. They should be read in conjunction with other published BHIVA ... more
The world is facing an unprecedented range of emergencies. In reaction to these complex adversities, many people experience considerable distress and impairment, and a minority may even go on to develop mental health conditions. Meanwhile, those with pre-existing mental health conditions may experie... more
First Revised Edition March 2000
The manual is written for clinicians working at the district hospital (first-level referral care) who diagnose and manage sick adolescents and adults in resource constrained settings. It aims to support clinical reasoning, and to provide an effective clinical approach and protocols for the managemen... more
National Tuberculosis Programme and Senior Paediatricians
This guideline was first developed in 2007 but further updated in 2012 and 2016 to ensure the use of the latest evidence-based international recommendations on childhood TB. The guidelines will fill the gaps in a systematic approach to T... more
These guidelines aim to guide all health care providers in Myanmar, accommodating the situation of different settings in the context of progressive decentralization of HIV services. Notable changes from the previous edition include:
• diagnosis of HIV
• update on the initiation of ART<... more