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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

Regional training package on integrated care for health and development of newborns and children under five at home: participant manual

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Regional training package

Revised National Guidelines on Mpox

Wasif Malik, M.; et al. National Institute of Health, Pakistan (2024) CC

This document serves to provide interim guidance/ recommendations to carry out mpox surveillance activities mainly case investigation, contact tracing and isolation. For the development of this document WHO, UKHSA and CDC guidelines were referred to and adopted within the country context.

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Assainissement et Propreté pour un Environnement Sain

Hesperian Foundation UNDP; SIDA; Hesperian Foundation (2005) CC

Le livret aborde les différents besoins d'assainissement et d'hygiène des femmes et des hommes. Il donne des informations permettant de réaliser des progrès significatifs en matière d'assainissement par une meilleure utilisation des compétences et des ressources autochtones locales. Il est con... more

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Savoir pour Sauver
recommended

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2010) C_UNICEF

Savoir pour Sauver rassemble des informations qui permettent de sauver la vie d’enfants, d’améliorer leur existence et de les protéger. Ces informations devraient être diffusées à grande échelle auprès des familles, des agents de santé, des enseignants, des associations de jeunes ou de f... more

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Facts For Life
recommended

UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNDP, UNAIDS, WFP (2010) C_UNICEF

Handbook on pregnancy, childbirth, childhood illnesses, child development and the care of children. The handbook, Facts for Life, provides vital messages and information for mothers, fathers, other family members and caregivers and communities to use in changing behaviours and practices that can sav... more

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MSF Médicaments Essentiels - Guide pratique d'utilisation 2022
recommended

Médecins sans Frontières MSF (2022) C2

Guide pratique d’utilisation à l'usage des médecins, pharmaciens, infirmiers et auxiliaires de santé.

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Prise en charge de la tuberculose: Guide des éléments essentiels pour une bonne pratique

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2019) C1

Septìeme Édition 2019

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Management of Dead Bodies After Disasters: A Field Manual For First Responders. Second Edition
recommended

Cordner, S.; R. Coninx; J.-J. Kim; et al. PAHOWorld Health Organization; ICRC; IFRC (2016) C_WHO

Proper and dignified management of the dead in disasters is one of the three key pillars of humanitarian response and a fundamental factor in facilitating identification of the deceased and helping families discover the fate of their loved ones. This second and updated edition of this hugely success... more

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Humanitarian Supply Management And Logistics In The Health Sector
recommended

Pan American Health Organization (2001)

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Organisation d’une pharmacie dans un centre hospitalier à Oyem, Gabon

Roy, H. (2005) CC

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Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome in the Context of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness

World Health Organization (2005) C_WHO

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Rapid Assessment of Alcohol and Other Substance Use in Conflict-Affected and Displaced Populations

UNHCR, WHO UNHCR, WHO (2008)

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Good Practices for Selecting and Procuring Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria

WHO (2011) C_WHO

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Food Security And Nutrition In Emergency
recommended

The Johns Hopkins and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2007)

Chapter 9: Public health guide for emergencies

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MSF Guide clinique et thérapeutique
recommended

Médecins sans Frontières MSF (2022) C2

Ce guide clinique et thérapeutique s’adresse aux professionnels de santé impliqués dans les soins curatifs au niveau des dispensaires et des hôpitaux. Nous avons essayé de répondre le plus simplement possible aux questions et problèmes auxquels est confronté le personnel de santé par des ... more

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Kit sanitaire d’urgence interinstitutions
recommended

World Health Organization, ICRC, MSF, et al. World Health Organization (2011) C_WHO

Médicaments et dispositifs médicaux pour une population de 10 000 personnes pendant environ 3 mois

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Sanitation In Emergencies

WHO (2015)

excreta disposal in emergencies

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Anaesthesia And Perioperative Care

Mark Newton Stella A. Eguma Olamide O. Dairo (2010) C2

Chapter 10 of Pediatric Surgery: This chapter provides an overview of some of the challenges when providing anaesthesia care for children in Africa. The chapter reviews the cardiac, respiratory, and renal differences of children in comparison to adults. Additionally, it addresses preoperative asses... more

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How To Prevent Disability In Leprosy Part 1
recommended

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2001) C1

Savoir pour Sauver recommended

Facts For Life recommended

MSF Médicaments Essentiels - Guide pratique d'utilisation 2022 recommended

Management of Dead Bodies After Disasters: A Field Manual For First Responders. Second Edition recommended

Humanitarian Supply Management And Logistics In The Health Sector recommended

Food Security And Nutrition In Emergency recommended

MSF Guide clinique et thérapeutique recommended

Kit sanitaire d’urgence interinstitutions recommended

How To Prevent Disability In Leprosy Part 1 recommended