Evaluation report
January 2014
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                
                                Evaluation report
April 2013
Evaluation report
This report is part of the overall Ukrainian National AIDS programme evaluation conducted
in September 2012
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                
                                As a public good, antimicrobial medicines require rational use if their effectiveness is to be preserved. However, up to 50% of antibiotic use is inappropriate, adding considerable costs to patient care, and increasing morbidity 
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                                        and mortality. In addition, there is compelling evidence that antimicrobial resistance is driven by the volume of antimicrobial agents used. High rates of antimicrobial resistance to common treatments are currently reported all over the world, both in health care settings and in the community. For over two decades, the Region of the Americas has been a pioneer in confronting antimicrobial resistance from a public health perspective. However, those efforts need to be stepped up if we are to have an impact on  antimicrobial resistance and want to quantify said impact.
                                    
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                                The publication provides an overview and analysis of international instruments that set standards related to the use of antimicrobials across the human, animal and plant sectors, 
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                                        and their release into the environment. The purpose of the document is to identify existing instruments and standards in order to guide both their implementation and to inform discussions and direction for future international instruments related to antimicrobial use.
                                    
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                                English Analysis on World about Climate Change and Environment, Health and Epidemic; published on 03 Nov 2021 by World Bank
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                
                                Public Health Factsheet
Accessed: 29.09.2019
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                
                                Including Therapeutic Food, Dietary Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation - 2nd edition
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                
                                Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized treatment for hepatitis C. Combi-
nations  of  DAAs  can  cure  infection  with  HCV  in  12  weeks,  are  highly  effective  and 
have  limited  side-effects.  Affordability  of  DAAs  has  impr
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                                        oved  significantly,  but  access  remains  lim-
ited.  Initially,  due  to  their  high  prices,  affordability  of  DAAs  was  limited  in  high-,  middle-  and  low-
income countries alike. Now there is a divide between those countries where, because of intellectual 
property barriers, prices have remained (very) high and other countries where generics are, or can be, 
available at much lower prices. The result is a dual market
                                    
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                                Malar J (2017) 16:174 DOI 10.1186/s12936-017-1808-x
Background: Since 2004, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Benin. In 2016, a medicine outlet survey was implemented to investigate the availability, price, 
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                                        and market share of anti-malarial treatment and malaria diagnostics. Results provide a timely and important benchmark to measure future interventions aimed at increasing access to quality malaria case management services.
                                    
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                                The Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has been coordinating sector wide reforms that aim to improve  equity  and  quality  of  maternal  and  child  health  services.  As  part  of  these  efforts, 
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                                         the ministry  is  also  exerting  concerted  efforts  to  improve  availability and  use  of  quality  RMNCH pharmaceuticals.  Management  of  RMNCH  pharmaceuticals  has  had  significant  challenges  such as poor availability of essential pharmaceuticals and wastages of valuable resources as pharmacy professionals were not demonstrating the required knowledge, skill and attitude towards availing the pharmaceuticals and ensuring their rational medicine use.
                                    
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                                Call to action by the Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance on reducing antimicrobial discharges from food systems, manufacturing facilities and human health systems into the environment.
                                                            
                         
                     
                                                        
                        
                        
                            
                            
                                
                                2016 ASCO EDUCATIONAL BOOK | asco.org/edbo