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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Guidance from the Conference of the Parties and Responses by the Global Environment Facility, COP1 - COP28

Global Environment Facility GEF (2024) CC

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established its Financial Mechanism to facilitate the provision and transfer of resources from developed to developing countries. The Global Environment Facility became the first operating entity of the Financial Mechanism after the ... more

Standards and recommendations for burns care in mass casualty incidents

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Caring for burns patients from the incident scene to definitive treatment can be a complex, resource-consuming process with the potential to overwhelm health system capacity.This document provides practical guidance for building capacity and capability for burns care from clinical, human resources a... more

Operational Guidance: Breastfeeding Counselling in Emergencies

Emergency Nutrition Network ENN (2021) C2

Women and children, especially pregnant girls and women, infants and young children and postpartum women, are populations that are extremely vulnerable in emergencies. Breastfeeding provides children with hydration, comfort, connection, high quality nutrition and protection against disease, shieldin... more

Considerations for wastewater and environmental surveillance for monkeypox virus: interim guidance, 25 November 2024

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

interim guidance, 25 November 2024

Making every school in the Region of the Americas a health-promoting school: Implementation guide for educational institutions

Pan American Health Organization PAHO (2024) CC

Every day, schools engage in numerous activities that help promote the health and well-being of students, families, and communities. There is clear evidence of the benefits of the health-promoting schools (HPS) approach, not only for improving overall health outcomes (physical, mental, and social) i... more

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Management of Dead Bodies After Disasters: A Field Manual For First Responders. Second Edition
recommended

Cordner, S.; R. Coninx; J.-J. Kim; et al. PAHOWorld Health Organization; ICRC; IFRC (2016) C_WHO

Proper and dignified management of the dead in disasters is one of the three key pillars of humanitarian response and a fundamental factor in facilitating identification of the deceased and helping families discover the fate of their loved ones. This second and updated edition of this hugely success... more

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Kenya : Management of Severe Malaria
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO

This Handbook, an updated edition of the Management of Severe Malaria, provides new and revised practical guidance on the diagnosis and management of severe malaria.

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Screening for Type 2 Diabetes

WHO WHO (2003)

Report of a World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation meeting

Rabies Vaccines WHO position paper

WHO (2007)

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Untangling the Web of Antiretroviral Price Reductions. 18th edition

MSF Access Campaign Médecins Sans Frontières (2016) C3

This report provides an update on the key facets of HIV treatment access, including the latest HIV treatment guidelines from World Health Organization (WHO), an overview on pricing for first-line, second-line, and salvage regimens, and a summary of the opportunities for – and threats to – expand... more

Guideline: Calcium Supplementation In Pregnant Women

World Health Organization (2013)

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WHO guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention

Green Ink World Health Organization (2013)

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a premalignant lesion that may exist at any one of three stages: CIN1, CIN2, or CIN3. If left untreated, CIN2 or CIN3 (collectively referred to as CIN2+) can progress to cervical cancer. Instead of screening and diagnosis by the standard sequence of cytolo... more

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Hunger-Nutrition-Climate Justice-2013 - A new Dialogue: Putting People at the Heart of Global Development

Irish Aid, WFP, CCAFS Coordinating Unit, Mary Robinson Foundation - Climate Justice Irish Aid (2013) CC

Confernece Report 15-16 April 2013 - Dublin, Ireland

External Link

Eradication of Yaws: Historical Efforts and Achieving WHO's 2020 Target

K. Asedeu; C. Fitzpatrick, J.Jannin (2014)

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases September 2014 | Volume 8 | Issue 9 | e3016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003016

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Ready to Respond: Skills gaps for responding to humanitarian crises in urban settings in the WASH and shelter sectors
recommended

RedR UK (2014) C1

This paper has been commissioned by RedR to identify gaps in skills, technology, and knowledge in urban humanitarian response in order to inform RedR’s project Ready to Respond which is looking to address these gaps in two specific areas: Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene; Shelter res... more

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Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Chikungunya Fever

World Health Organization, Regional Office South-East Asia (2009)

Ebola research and development landscape of clinical candidates and trials

World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) C_WHO

The report presents current information (updated to September 2015) on candidate vaccines, therapies and medical devices for Ebola and gives an overview of completed and on-going trials.

Guide to community engagement in WASH
recommended

Niederberger, E.; S. Ferron and M. O'Reilly Oxfam (2016) C1

A practioner's guide, based on lessons from Ebola. This guide is a compilation of best practices and key lessons learned through Oxfam’s experience of community engagement during the 2014–15 Ebola response in Sierra Leone and Liberia. It aims to inform public health practitioners and programme ... more

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Administrative Errors. Technical Series on Safer Primary Care

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

Management of Dead Bodies After Disasters: A Field Manual For First Responders. Second Edition recommended

Kenya : Management of Severe Malaria recommended

Ready to Respond: Skills gaps for responding to humanitarian crises in urban settings in the WASH and shelter sectors recommended

Guide to community engagement in WASH recommended

Management of Dead Bodies After Disasters: A Field Manual For First Responders. Second Edition
recommended

Kenya : Management of Severe Malaria
recommended

Ready to Respond: Skills gaps for responding to humanitarian crises in urban settings in the WASH and shelter sectors
recommended

Guide to community engagement in WASH
recommended