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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc ... e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

The World Climate and Security Report 2021

Brock, S.; Barrett, O.L.; Birkman, L.; et al. International Military Council on Climate and Security (2021) CC

The World Climate and Security Report (WCSR) 2021 from the Expert Group of the International Military Council on Climate and Security is a global assessment of the security dimensions of a changing climate and effective means to address them. It is intended to inform timely climate and security po ... more

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The World Climate and Security Report 2021_2

Brock, S.; Barrett, O.L.; Birkman, L.; et al. International Military Council on Climate and Security (2021) C1

Scientific Conceptual Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality. A report of the Science-Policy Interface

Orr, B.J., A.L. Cowie UNCCD (2017) CC

The Scientific Conceptual Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) provides a scientific foundation for understanding, implementing and monitoring LDN. It has been designed to create a bridge between the vision and the practical implementation of LDN, by defining LDN in operational terms. The ... more

Framework for establishing integrated kidney care programs in low- and middle-income countries

Tonelli, M.; et al. (2020) CC

ISN Public Affairs Kidney International Supplements (2020) 10, e19–e23

Circular Economy and Health: Opportunities and Risks

World Health Organisation WHO (2018) C_WHO

The extensive use of natural resources threatens to exceed the carrying capacity of the Earth. The concept of a circular economy offers an avenue to sustainable growth, good health and decent jobs, while saving the environment and its natural resources. Further, the change from a linear economy (t ... more

Nation healthy cities networks

World Health Organization - Regional Office for Europe (2015) C_WHO

Promoting health and well-being throughout Europe

Caregiver Part 1: Key Resources
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Henninger, B.; and S. Mauder The MEDBOX Team (2022) CC

May 17,2022 MEDBOX Issue Brief no.21

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Behavioural and social drivers of vaccination: tools and practical guidance for achieving high uptake

World Health Organization WHO; UN Children´s Fund (2022) C_WHO

Tools and practical guidance for achieving high uptake

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Guidelines for the Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2022) C_WHO

Evidence-based guidelines are one of the most useful tools for improving public health and clinical practice. Their purpose is to formulate interventions based on strong evidence of efficacy, avoid unnecessary risks, use resources efficiently, reduce clinical variability and, in essence, improve hea ... more

Data for impact_ How UNADIS data is guiding the world to end AIDS

UNAIDS (2022) C_WHO

As part of the UN’s data strategy—which seeks to nurture data as a strategic asset for insight, impact and integrity—UNAIDS plays an indispensable role in generating data for effective action against the AIDS pandemic. It leads the world’s most extensive data collection on HIV epidemiology, ... more

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The Chagas disease study landscape: A systematic review of clinical and observational antiparasitic treatment studies

Maguire, B.; Dahal, P.; Rashan, S.; et al. (2021) CC

PLoS Neglected Tropical diseases August 16, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009697 Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by triatomine insects, first identified in 1909. Chagas disease affects approximately 6–7 million peop ... more

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Increasing access to comprehensive care for Chagas disease: development of a patient-centered model in Colombia

Marchiol, A; Forsyth, C.; Bernal, O.; et al. Pan American Health Organization PAHO (2017) C_WHO

Rev. Panam Salud Publica. 2017;41:e153. doi: 10.26633/RPSP.2017.153 Worldwide, over 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the pathogen that causes Chagas disease (CD). In the Americas, CD creates the greatest burden in disability-adjusted life years of any parasitic infection. In Co ... more

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Knowledge, attitudes and practices about human African trypanosomiasis and their implications in designing intervention strategies for Yei county, South Sudan

Bukachi, SA.; Mumbo, AA.; Alak, ACD.; Sebit, W.; Rumunu, J. et al. PLOS Neclected Tropical Diseases (2018) CC

A clear understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of a particular community is necessary in order to improve control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT).New screening and diagnostic tools and strategies were introduced into South Sudan, as part of integrated delivery of primar ... more

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The Chagas disease study landscape: A systematic review of clinical and observational antiparasitic treatment studies to assess the potential for establishing an individual participant-level data plat

Maguire, B.J.; Dahal, P.; Rashan, S. et al. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2021) CC

PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(8): e0009697. Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects ~6–7 million people worldwide. Significant limitations still exist in our understanding of CD. Harnessing individual participant data (IPD) from studies could support more in-depth analyses t ... more

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Guidance Note: Qualitative Assessment Approaches for the Protection of Children with Disabilities Within Humanitarian Contexts

The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action (2023) C1

Children with disabilities are particularly vulnerable in humanitarian settings, yet they are often not able to access the services and protection they need. While multiple factors create these barriers, a major cause is how data about children with disabilities is collected and mapped. Data collect ... more

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Stark choices: exploring health sector costs of policy responses to COVID-19 in low-income and middle-income countries

Torres-Rueda S.; S. Sweeney; F. Bozzani et al. BMJ Global Health (2021) C2

COVID-19 has altered health sector capacity in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Cost data to inform evidence-based priority setting are urgently needed. Consequently, in this paper, we calculate the full economic health sector costs of COVID-19 clinical management in 79 LMICs under di ... more

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Financing Global Health 2017: Funding Universal Health Coverage and the Unfinished HIV/AIDS Agenda

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2018) C2

In 2017, $37.4 billion of development assistance was provided to low- and middleincome countries to maintain or improve health. This amount is down slightly compared to 2016, and since 2010, development assistance for health (DAH) has grown at an annualized rate of 1.0%. While global development ass ... more

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Continental Framework on Strengthening Mortality Surveillance Systems in Africa

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

The importance of robust mortality surveillance systems cannot be overstated in an era marked by increasing global health challenges where health threats loom large and population dynamics continue to evolve. Accurate and timely mortality data is essential for identifying trends and detecting emergi ... more

Cadre continental sur le renforcement des systèmes de surveillance de la mortalité en Afrique

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) CC

L'importance de systèmes de surveillance de la mortalité robustes ne peut être surestimée à une époque marquée par des défis sanitaires mondiaux croissants, où les menaces sanitaires pèsent lourd et la dynamique des populations continue d'évoluer. Des données précises et opportunes sur ... la mortalité sont essentielles pour identifier les tendances et détecter les menaces émergentes pour la santé, évaluer l'impact des interventions et orienter les décisions politiques fondées sur des données probantes. Ce cadre décrit une approche holistique pour renforcer les systèmes de surveillance de routine de la mortalité, en tenant compte des facteurs contextuels uniques et des défis auxquels sont confrontés les pays africains. Il souligne l'importance d'établir des mécanismes de collecte de données efficaces, d'améliorer la qualité et l'exhaustivité des données et de promouvoir le partage des données et la collaboration entre les parties prenantes. De plus, le cadre reconnaît le rôle central de la technologie dans l'intégration des données provenant de sources de données fragmentées sur la mortalité. Il met en évidence le potentiel des méthodes innovantes de capture de données, des analyses avancées et des systèmes de notification en temps réel pour améliorer la précision, l'efficacité et l'actualité des données sur la mortalité. Le cadre continental de surveillance de la mortalité s'aligne sur la mission et l'objectif stratégique d'Africa CDC en servant d'élément fondamental dans le renforcement des systèmes de santé publique, l'amélioration des capacités et des capacités de surveillance des maladies, l'élaboration de politiques et d'interventions fondées sur des données probantes et la promotion de la collaboration et de la coordination entre les pays africains pour relever les défis sanitaires et améliorer les résultats sanitaires sur le continent. La mise en œuvre réussie de ce cadre nécessite un engagement collectif et des efforts concertés de la part des gouvernements, des établissements de santé et de la communauté internationale. Nous espérons que ce document servira de catalyseur pour un changement transformateur, permettant aux pays de mettre en place des systèmes de surveillance de la mortalité résilients qui protègent la santé publique, sauvent des vies et contribuent à la prise de décision fondée sur des données probantes. more

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