Kuldeep Singh Sachdeva, Central Tuberculosis Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
1
Kumar, M.
1
L. Anderson and E. Hamblion
1
L. Hart
1
L. N. Chigbu, C. U. Iroegbu
1
L. N. Patel,and A. K. Detjen
1
L. Telisinghe, K. L. Fielding, J. L. Malden, et al.
1
L.V. Thary
1
Latvian Centre for Human Rights
1
Lesotho Vulnerability Assessment Committee (LVAC)
1
Leuleseged Ageze, Hailu Zelelew, Habtamu Tadesse, et al.
1
Loulou Kobeissi
1
Lungenliga Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit
1
Luwabelwa, M.
1
M. A. Gasper, A. C. Hesseling, I. Mohar, et al.
1
M. and S.Abjorensen
1
M. Danilovits
1
M. Dara, C. D. Acosta, M. V. S. Vinklers Melchers, et al.
1
M. Dara, C. D. Acosta, V. Rusovich, et al.
1
M. Dara, I. Solovic, G. Sotgiu, et al.
1
M. Dara, M. Grzemska, M. E. Kimerling, et al.
1
M. Dara, O. Gozalov, O. Javadli, et al.
1
M. Doara, D. Choroliani, P. de Colombani
1
M. E. Balcells, S. L. Thomas, P. Godfrey-Faussett, et al.
1
M. G. Whitfield, H. M. Soeters, R. M. Warren, et al.
1
M. Hatherill
1
M. J. van der Werf, J. P. Zellweger
1
M. SHOWKAT GANI et al.
1
M. SHOWKAT GANI, MAL ABIKA SARKER, BULBUL ASHRAF SIDDIQI, ILIA S MAHMUD,YAMIN TAUSEEF JAHANGIR, SA LLY THEOBALD, HERMEN ORM EL, SALAUDDIN BISWAS , KUHEL FAIZUL ISLAM, SUBORN A CAMELLIA, SABINA F AIZ RASHID
1
M. Slutsker
1
M. Smelyanskaya, C. Daniels, et al.
1
M. Smelyanskaya, J. Duncan
1
M. van den Boom
1
M. van der Boom, S. Talevski
1
M. Wolny, P. Kubaszewski
1
M. Ya Diul
1
M.A. Connolly, M. Gayer and S. Ottmani
1
Madhukar Pai
1
Magagula, Samuel V.
1
Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division (MAL & OPD Division-RBC) [Rwanda] and ICF International
1
Malaria Consortium
1
Malawi Government
1
Malawi Ministry of Health
1
Malgosia Grzemska, Elizabeth Mathai
1
Mallick L., Winter R., Wong W., et al.
1
Mamdani M.
1
Manolito L. Chua, Marissa M. Alejandria
1
Mapako, Tonderai, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Maarten J. Postma, Marinus van Hulst, Janet Dzangare, Stellah Ngwende, John Mandisarisa, Ponesai Nyika, David A. Mvere, Owen Mugurungi, and Mufuta Tshimanga
1
Maria del Carmen Casanovas, Knut Lönnroth, Luz Maria De-Regil et al
1
Maria Neira, Edward Kelley, Mickey Chopra et al.
1
Marie Stopes Uganda, WHO
1
Martin Kayitale Mbonye, Sarah M Burnett, Robert Colebunders, et al.
1
Mary Nambao, Wezi Kaonga, Yusuf Ahmed, et al.
1
Maternal & Childhealth Advocacy International (MCAI) , Advanced Life Support Group (ALSG)
1
Md. Akramul Islam, Susumu Wakai, Nobukatsu Ishikawa, A.M.R. Chowdhury, J. Patrick Vaughan
1
MEASURE
1
Measurement, Learning & Evaluation of the Kenya Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (Tupange), et al.
1
MedCrave
1
Medecins Sans Frontieres
1
MedGrave
1
Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) | Ministry of Health and Child Care
1
Mehtsun, Sinit
1
Meis, M.
1
Mèdecines sans Frontières MSF
1
mHealth Kenya
1
Minister for Medical Services
1
Minister of Health & Social Welfare (MoHSW), Kingdom of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, Government of Rwanda
1
Ministry of Healt
1
Ministry of Health & Child Welfare
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
1
Ministry of Health & Ministry of Local Government, Gabarone, Botswana
1
Ministry of Health & Population, UK Aid
1
Ministry of Health & Sanitation, Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health & Social Welfare India
1
Ministry of Health (Malawi), USAID, UNFPA, UNICEF, Save the Children International, Clinton Health Foundation
1
Ministry of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe
1
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare,Zimbabwe
1
Ministry of Health and Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate-General of Health Services, Mycobacterial Disease Control, National Tuberculosis Control Programme
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
1
Ministry of Health and National AIDS Control Council, Republic of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Health, Nepal
1
Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation of Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone,
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) & Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (MOEAC)
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), Namibia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS), UNAIDS
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSS)
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) and ICF Macro
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW), Bureau of Statistics (BOS) and ORC Macro
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, National Bureau of Statistics, Zanzibar, Tanzania, and ICF International
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health Bangladesh
1
Ministry of Health Kenya
1
Ministry of Health Malawi
1
Ministry of Health Rwanda, Biomedical Center Institute of HIV
1
Ministry of Health Uganda, NADIC, et al.
1
Ministry of Health Zambia
1
Ministry of Health Zimbabwe
1
Ministry of Health, Cambodia
1
Ministry of Health, Camboida
1
Ministry of Health, Central Statistics Office & (DHS) Resource Development Inc.
1
Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal
1
Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health, National AIDS and STI Control Program (NASCOP)
1
Ministry of Health, National Aids Control Council
1
Ministry of Health, Pakistan
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Liberia
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of South Africa
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda | NtlP
1
Ministry of Health, Repulic of Uganda
1
Ministry of Health, South Africa
1
Ministry of Health, Swaziland
1
Ministry of Heatlh and Social Welfare, Tanzania
1
Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India
1
Ministry of Medical Services and Ministry of Public Health & Sanitation, Republic of Kenya
1
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation Kenya
1
Ministry of Public Health& Sanitation. Ministry of Medical Services. Kenya
1
Ministry of Rural Development
1
Mmbaga, Elia John
1
Mohan P. Joshi Malaïka Ludman Dan Kibuule, et al.
1
MSF
1
MSF Access Campaign
1
msh
1
MSH, USAID
1
Muga R., Ndavi P., Kizito P. et al.
1
Mukhtar A Adeiza, Abdullah A Abba, Juliana U Okpapi
1
Mursaleena Islam
1
Musana, J.I.
1
Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports
1
N. Gebreselassie , C. Lienhardt, L. Anderson et al.
1
N. G. Kiobi, S. N. Nebere, J. K. Karanja
1
N. H. Ponters, A. P. Dores
1
N. Konduri, K. Sawyer, N. Nizova
1
N. Mdaka
1
N. Schoenfeld, W. Haas, E. Richter, et al.
1
N. Schönfeld, W. Haas, E. Richter et al.
1
NACO India
1
NACO, Department of AIDS Control
1
NACO, DOTS
1
NAFIN (Nambia Alliance for Improved Nutrition)
1
NAFIN (Namibia Alliance for Improved Nutrition), UNICEF
1
National Center for TB and Leprosy Control (CENAT) , Cambodia
1
National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Cambodia
1
National Academy of Sciences of the USA
1
National Agency for Control of AIDS (NACA)
1
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Nigeria
1
National AIDS and STIs Control programme (NASCP), Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
1
National AIDS Commission (NAC)
1
National AIDS Commission (NAC), Kingdom of Lesotho
1
National AIDS Commission (NAC), Republic of Liberia
1
National AIDS Commission Indonesia
1
National AIDS Commission of Liberia
1
National AIDS Commission, Government of Lesotho
1
National AIDS Commission, Ministry of People's Welfare Republic of Indonesia
1
National AIDS Control Organisation
1
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)
1
National AIDS Control Organisation Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organisation, Ministry of Health &
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1
National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)
1
National AIDS Council, Zimbabwe
1
National AIDS Secretariat Sierra Leone, et al.
1
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectios Diseases
1
National Center for TB and Leprosy Control, Cambodia
1
National Center for Tuberc ulosis and Leprosy Control (CENAT) , Cambodia
1
National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control (CENAT)
1
National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control (CENAT), Cambodia
1
National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Cambodia
1
National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
1
National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC)
1
National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) Nepal
1
National Centre for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control (CENAT) , Cambodia
1
National Centre of Disease Control
1
National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development , Ministry of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation
1
National Health Accounts Technical Secretariat, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of india
1
National Institute of Health
1
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), the African Institute for Development Policy (AFIDEP) and UNFPA
1
National Legal Services Authority India
1
National Leprosy and Tuberculosis Control Program (NLTCP)
1
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
1
National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) Communicable Disease Control Division Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Bangladesh
1
National Malaria Elimination Programme Federal Ministry of Health National Population Commission, National Bureau of Statistics Federal Republic of Nigeria , et al.
1
National Public Health Institute of Liberia (NPHIL)
1
National Reproductive Health Programme Ministry of Health
1
National Rural Health Mission, DOTS
1
National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National Rural Health Mission, NACO
1
National TB
1
National Tripartite Committee
1
National Tubercolis and Leprosy Control Programme, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
1
National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania
1
National Tuberculosis Control Program, Cambodia
1
National Tuberculosis Leprosy and Lung Disease Program (NTLD-program), Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya
1
Neddy Matshalaga
1
Nepal GHI Strategy
1
Nepal, Ministry of Health, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
1
New ERA
1
New Jersey Medical School
1
Newman et al
1
NHS
1
NHSSP
1
Nicole Ritz, Folke Brinkmann, Cornelia Feiterna-Sperling. et al.
1
NIH
1
NIPORT
1
Noel G. Macalalad, Ma. Cecilia G. Ama, Arthur B. Lagos et al.
1
Novartis Comprehensive Leprosy Care Association
1
Nswilla A.
1
Nutrition Cluster
1
Nwokike J., Ludeman E., Thumm M.
1
O. Neyrolles (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologoie Structurale)
1
O. O. Simooyqa
1
Observatory of the Penal System and Human Rights (University of Barcelona)
1
OECD
1
Open Society Institute
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS)
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud
1
Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Ministerio de la Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, et al.
1
Organizaición Mundial de la Salud
1
Oxford, et al.
1
O’Connell, Meghan
1
O’Neill, J.
1
P. de Colombani
1
P. de Colombani, S. Ahmedov, K. Blondal, et al.
1
P. de Colombani, V. Hollo, N. Jansen, et al.
1
P. Glaziou
1
P. Glaziou, C.Sismanidis, P. J. Dodd, et al.
1
P. Nyasulu, S. Mogoere, T. Umanah, et al.
1
P. Viiklepp, P. de Colombani, A. Kurbatova, et al.
1
P. Viiklepp, P. de Colombani, A. Kurbatowa, et al.
1
P. Zucs, et al.
1
P.A. McQuide, R.-L. Kolehmainen-Aitken, N.Forster (Human Resources for Health)
1
Palale M.
1
Pan American Journal of Public Health
1
Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
1
Paola Di Giulio, Dimiter Philipov, and Ina Jaschinski
1
Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia
1
PATH
1
PeerJ Preprints
1
People's Health Movement
1
Peter Berry, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Carlos Corvalan, and Joy Guillemot
1
Peter G. Smith, Richard H. Morrow, and David A. Ross
1
Philipps,J.A., et al.
1
Phimemon, Rune N., Michael J. Mahande, and Habib O. Ramadhani
1
PLOS Phatogens
1
Polly Clayden, Simon Collins, Mike Frick, et al.
1
PRAKSIS
1
President's Malaria Initiative et al.
1
PRESIDENT’S MALARIA INITIATIVE
1
Prison Department
1
Prisons Care & Counselling Association
1
Prof. C. Abobltins, L. Brown, Prof N. Curtis, et al.
1
Public Health England
1
Public Health Watch
1
r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH ;
1
R Wood, L-G. Bekker
1
R. Coker
1
R. Colebunders
1
R. Coninx
1
R. D. Harrington
1
R. Diel, A. Nienhaus
1
R. G. Thomas-Reilly, F. Tozija, V. Soltan
1
R. Gie
1
R. H.Crespo, L. Ditiu, A. Kurats, etc al.
1
R. Loewenson, M. Mamdani and others
1
R. Nefdt, E. Ribaira and K. Diallo
1
Rada Noeva, Nassim Benali, Emily Garin et al.
1
Radcliffe
1
Ravi Narayan and Unnikrishnan PV
1
Reach Out
1
Reachout Consortium
1
REACT Cameroun
1
Rebuilding Basic Health Services Project (RBHS)
1
Reginald A. Annan, Patrick Webb, Rebecca Brown
1
Rehabilitation Division
1
Reproductive Health Division Community Health Department Ministry of Health Uganda
1
Republic of Liberia
1
Republic of Libria, National AIDS Commission (NAC)
1
Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Health
1
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory
1
Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International
1
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance
1
Robert Gie
1
Robert Koch Institut
1
Rose Zulliger
1
Royal Government of Cambodia
1
Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Institute of HIV
1
S. Ali, A. Haileamlak, A. Wieser, et al.
1
S. Chakraborty, K. Syal, R. Bhattacharyya, et al.
1
S. Dagron
1
S. H. E. Kaufmann, T. G. Evans, W. A. Hanekom
1
S. Shah, S. Seidel
1
SAARC TB and HIV
1
SAARC Tuberculosis & HIV
1
SAfAIDS, Alliance Zambia
1
Sangeeta Raja and Nadeem Mohammad
1
Santesso, N.
1
Sarity Dodson, Suvajee Good and Richard Osborne
1
SCIENCEDOMAIN international
1
Scientific Committee on AIDS and STI
1
Scientific Research Publishing
1
Seung Hee Lee-Kwan, et al.
1
Shahidur Rahman, K-
1
Sharing and Learning from Country Experiences
1
SIAPS
1
Sierra Leone Government, Ministry of Health and Sanitation
1
SIGN
1
SINTEF Technology and Society Global Health and Welfare
1
South African Family Practice
1
South African National AIDS Council, et al.
1
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
1
Southern African HIV Clinicians Society
1
Spotlight NSP
1
Springer
1
State Goverment Victoria
1
Statistics Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone, ICF International
1
Stefan Mauss, et al.
1
Stender, Stacie
1
Stephen Graham, Malgosia Grzemska, Suzanne Hill et al
1
Stephen M. Graham
1
Stop TB Partnership, World Health Organization
1
Stop TB Partnership. Working Group on TB
1
Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems
1
Strengthening South Africa's Response to HIV and Health (SARRAH)
1
Susa Coffey,et al.
1
Swaziland Paediatric HIV G uidelines 2010 Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
1
Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services (SIAPS)
1
T. Colton
1
T. Evans
1
T. Hiatta and N. Nishikior
1
T. Islam, T. Hiatt, C. Hennig, et al.
1
T. Maimakov, L. Sadykova, Z. Kalmataeva, et al.
1
Takarinda, Kudakwashe C., Lydia K. Madyira, Mutsa Mhangara, Victor Makaza, Memory Maphosa, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Peter H. Kilmarx, Tsitsi Mutasa-Apollo, Getrude Ncube, and Anthony D. Harries
1
Tanzania Diabetes Association
1
Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children.
1
TAS & TGPSH - GTZ
1
TB
1
TB a!ert
1
TB Care II
1
TB/CTA
1
TBFacts.org
1
The Brookings Institution’s International Volunteering and Service Initiative
1
The Center for Health Market Innovations.
1
The DHS Program ICF International
1
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
1
The Estonian Ministry of Justice
1
The European Respiratory Journal
1
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health
1
The fight against fake drugs by NAFDAC in Nigeria Olike Chinwendu
1
The Focus Group Consulting
1
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF SWAZILAND MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE
1
The International Center for AIDS Programm
1
The Johns Hopkins and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
1
The Journal of Infectious Disease
1
The Kenya Mentor Mother Program
1
The Lancet
1
The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Commission
1
The National AIDS Control Council of Kenya
1
The National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Zambia
1
The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance
1
The Sentinel Project
1
The Sphere Project
1
The SWIFT Response Project
1
The Union
1
The William J. Clinton Foundation
1
The World Bank
1
The World Bank Group
1
Thomas Joseph, Nathalie Likhite, Lana Syed et al.
1
Thriemer K, Katuala Y, Batoko B, Alworonga J-P, Devlieger H, et al.
1
Todd G.
1
Trials
1
Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Zambia, DHS
1
Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance (TBCTA), USAID
1
U. Mahlati
1
U.S Department of health and human service
1
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1
U.S. Department of Human Services
1
Uganda Aids Commission, Republic of Uganda
1
UN
1
UN Industrial Development Organization
1
UNAIDS, The National AIDS Authority (NAA)
1
UNAIDS, UNICEF
1
UNDP, IRGT, UNFPA, UNAIDS, WHO, USAID, PEPFAR, UCSF Center of Excellence for Transgender Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1
UNICEF Indonesia
1
UNICEF Programme Division
1
UNICEF, UNESCO, Asia Pacific Network of People living with HIV
1
UNION
1
United Nations agencies, the World Bank and the European Commission
1
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
1
United Nations Division for Social Policy Development (DSPD) & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)
1
United Nations Office4 on Drugs and Crime
1
United Nations System in Uganda
1
United States Government Zambia Interagency Team
1
Univ. Namibia
1
University of Oslo
1
University of Sheffield
1
University of Western Cape
1
University of Zambia
1
US Dept. of Health and Human Services
1
US Dept.Health
1
US Embassy Freetown
1
USAI
1
USAID, ATLAS
1
USAID, CDC
1
USAID, Health Policy Project
1
USAID, Health Systems 20
1
USAID, l'Union, Initiative 5%
1
USAID, SIAPS
1
USAID, SPRING
1
USAID, StopTBPartnership
1
USAID, Synergie Project
1
USAID, UNICEF, UNFPA
1
Üstün, T.B., Kostanjsek, N., Chatterji, S. & Rehm, J.
1
V. Allread
1
V. Lipke, M. Girma, et al.
1
V. Nankabirwa , J. K. Tumwine, O. Namugga, et al.
1
Velisha Ann Perumal-Pillay & Fatima Suleman
1
Wang, S., N. Hoohlo, I. Tshabalala, K. Ntoi, and T. Sepetla
1
WaterAid, et al.
1
White, Z.
1
WHO Regional Office for Africa
1
WHO SEARO/Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases
1
WHO, HHS-CDC
1
WHO, HHS-CDC, GAP
1
WHO, Regional Office Africa
1
Wits Journalism
1
Word Health Organization
1
World Bank
1
World Diabetes Foundation
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
World Health Organisation (WHO) Country Office for Nepal
1
World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organisation (WHO), USAID, The Global Fund, et al.
1
World Health Organisation, International Labour Organization
1
World Health Organization WHO
1
World Health Organization ( WHO), Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organization (Regional Office for South-East-Asia)
1
World Health Organization (South-East Asia)
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Kenya Country Office
1
World Health Organization - Regional Office South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization Africa
1
World Health Organization WHO Western-Pacific Region
1
World Health Organization WHO, Bangladesh
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Europe
1
World Health Organization WHO, Stop TB
1
World Health Organization, Stop TB Department
1
World Health Organization, Intigrated Management of Adolescent and Adult illness (IMAI)
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Ministry of Health, Botswana
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe
1
World Health Organization, Sout-Easr Asia
1
World Health Organization, UNAIDS, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1
World Health Organization, UNICEF
1
World Health Organization, Western Pacific
1
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Office
1
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region
1
World Health Organization,et al.
1
Wright, J.
1
Y. Tadesse, N. Gebre, S. Daba, et al.
1
Zachary, Blake, Zhuzhi Moore, and Pav Govindasamy
1
Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority (ZAMRA)
1
Zedbooks
1
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Zohra S. Lassi, George Pariyo and Luis Huicho
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 Study has published disability-adjusted life year (DALY) data
at both regional and country levels from 1990 to 2010. Concurrently, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
(IHME) has published estimates of development assistance for health (DAH) at th...e country-disease level for this
same period of time.more
TB remains one of the world’s deadliest infectious diseases, second only to COVID-19, and drug-resistant TB strains are still a major concern. In the fight against TB, urgent investment is critical, especially in the context of the ongoing pandemic.
The global burden of disease due to mental disorders continues to rise, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In addition to causing a large proportion of morbidity, mental disorders – especially severe mental disorders (SMD) – are linked with poorer health outcomes and increase...d mortality. SMD are defined as a group of conditions that include moderate to severe depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. People with SMD have a two to three times higher average mortality compared to the general population, which translates to a 10-20 year reduction in life expectancy. While people with SMD do have higher rates of death due to unnatural causes (accidents, homicide, or suicide) than the general population, the
majority of deaths amongst people with SMD are attributable to physical health conditions, both
non-communicable and communicable.more
The WHO Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study measures the burden of
disease using the disability-adjusted life year metric (DALY). The DALY metric
was developed to assess the burden of disease consistently across diseases,
risk factors and regions. A consistent and comparative description of the ...burden
of diseases and injuries and the risk factors that cause them is important as it
can inform health decision-making and health care planning.
more
This brief update on tuberculosis (TB) in the African region covers the state of TB in the WHO African region, strategic priorities and targets and the impact of COVID-19 on essential services. This is followed by key figures for the region, the role of WHO in country support and, recognizing the im...portance of diagnosis and drug susceptibility testing, a focus onstrengthening laboratory networks and the regional laboratory and diagnostic objectives. A brief update of the state of the science and how this is funded across the African region is provided, before closing with challenges and opportunities,strategic directions and a brief discussion of funding concerns. Discussions around the drivers of the disease, and issues of the poverty, inequality and stigma that continue to plague those living with TB are fully recognized, but are outside the scope of this report.more
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs, though it can affect any organ in the body. It can develop when bacteria spread through droplets in the air. TB can be fatal, but in many cases, TB is preventable and treatable. This report examines the human rights impact of... the prevalence of Tuberculosis (TB) and Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among the Indigenous San peoples of Namibia. Combining political economy and root-cause methodology, the report explores the socioeconomic factors that make the San vulnerable to TB and limit their access to adequate health services.more
The World Health Organization Global TB Report provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic, and progress in the response, at global, regional and country levels.
The 2022 edition features data on disease trends and the response to the epidemic from 215 countries and area...s, including all 194 World Health Organization (WHO) Member States. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic, progress in the response at global, regional and country levels, as well as on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB services.
TB remains one of the top infectious killers in the world. This year’s report presents data on an increase in the number of people falling ill with TB and drug resistant TB for the first time in many years. Increases were also reported on the number of TB deaths, highlighting the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other crises on the TB response that has reversed years of progress. It also presents the status of progress towards targets set at the first-ever United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on TB in 2018 as well as the targets of the WHO End TB Strategy and the Sustainable Development Goals.more
Journal of Clinical TB and other Mycobacterial Diseases
uberculosis (TB) in the gastrointestinal tract or peritoneum is an uncommon condition in clinical practice. Its rarity, combined with its nonspecific presentations, makes this kind of extrapulmonary tuberculosis difficult to diagnose as it can... mimic other inflammatory or malignant conditions. Delays in treatment and frequent misdiagnosis can lead to hazardous complications. In countries like Ecuador where the disease is endemic, TB should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patients who present with nonspecific abdominal symptoms. In these scenarios, laparoscopy can be an invaluable tool when used with sufficiently high clinical awareness and adequate training.
Case presentation
We present the case of a 37-year-old female patient from Ecuador with a 1-year history of abdominal pain, nausea, intermittent vomits, night sweats, and weight loss. After clinical evaluation and a laparoscopic intervention, abdominal TB was detected and promptly treated. Antituberculosis chemotherapy was initiated, and the patient successfully reco
High clinical awareness is imperative when approaching abdominal TB due to its wide spectrum of clinical symptoms and its rarity. Early detection and prompt treatment are critical to minimize the possibility of hazardous complications.more
People affected by impairments and disabilities associated with TB are even more likely to belong to marginalized segments of society and are more likely to have their human rights unprotected. The challenges faced by people affected by TB include the consequences of impairment and disability associ...ated with the disease, its treatment as well as with the stigma and discrimination applied to people affected by TB. There is now compelling evidence that the disease and its treatment affect quality of life and life expectancy even after successful treatment.
The WHO Global Tuberculosis Programme has produced the first policy brief on TB-associated disability, building on the increasing evidence in recent years on the unaddressed needs of people with TB who experience impairment and disability while on TB treatment and after completing TB treatment.more
Tuberculosis (TB) is, and should be, a curable disease; however, each year significant numbers of patients acquire or develop drug-resistant TB, which has a much lower cure rate. Patients with drug-resistant TB have a high prevalence of symptoms; hence, staff caring for these patients should h...ave some familiarity with palliative care, so that general palliative care principles are available to all patients. The timely identification, and addressing, of adverse events occurring during the treatment course is considered as general palliative care for those receiving curative treatment. This publication summarizes the general palliative care approach, which is recommended for use in settings and services that occasionally treat palliative care patients, but do not provide palliative care as the main focus of their work. The review focuses on 18 high TB priority countries of the WHO European Region.more
The WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic, and of progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease, at global, regional and country levels. This is done in the context of global TB commitments, strategies and targets.
...
The 2022 edition of the report is as usual, based primarily on data gathered by WHO from national ministries of health in annual rounds of data collection. In 2022, 202 countries and territories with more than 99% of the world’s population and TB cases reported datamore
Mental health problems represent the greatest global burden of disease among children and adolescents. There is, however, lack of policy development and implementation for child and adolescent mental health (CAMH), particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where children and adolescen...ts represent up to 50% of populations. South Africa, an upper-middle income country is often regarded as advanced in health and social policy-making and implementation in comparison to other LMICs. It is, however, not clear whether this is the case for CAMH.more
Preventing tuberculosis infection from progressing to tuberculosis disease is a crucial component of the goal to eliminate tuberculosis. When deciding on the use of tuberculosis preventive therapy among household contacts, policy makers regularly ask questions, such as whether tuberculosis preventiv...e therapy is effective, safe, and feasible in a programme setting and what it will cost. For contact management and tuberculosis preventive therapy for multidrug-resistant and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, studies from high-income and low-income countries have shown feasibility, safety, and effectiveness.
However, there is scarce information on the cost of tuberculosis preventive therapy for multidrug-resistant and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. In The Lancet Global Health, Peter Dodd and colleagues show that household contact management strategies are cost-effective even in low-income and middle-income countries, which has important policy implications for achieving the END TB Strategy goals.more
The report explores strategies for sustaining the country’s responses to the three diseases and eventually transitioning away from external funding and programmatic support. It takes stock of Kenya’s health financing landscape and identifies opportunities and challenges for sustaining effective ...coverage of HIV, TB, and malaria services in the long run, mindful of macro-fiscal and institutional constraints. The report informs ongoing dialogue within government, including among the Ministry of Health, National Treasury, Council of Governors, and National AIDS Control Council, as well as between government and development partners.more
Screening programmes for tuberculosis (TB) among immigrants rarely consider the heterogeneity of
risk related to migrants’ country of origin. We assess the performance of a large screening programme in asylum seekers by analysing (i) the difference in yield and numbers needed to screen (NNS) by c...ountry and WHO-reported TB burden, (ii) the possible impact of screening thresholds on sensitivity, and (iii) the value of WHO-estimated TB burden to improve the prediction accuracy of screening yield.more
Asthma is the most common noncommunicable disease in children, and among the most common in adults. According to the most recent estimates from the Global Asthma Network Phase I study, around one in 10 children and adults have symptoms of asthma and one in 20 school-aged children have severe asthma ...symptoms, with marked variations in prevalence and in prevalence trends between countries and regions of the world. The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that asthma caused the loss of 21.6 million healthy years of life (disability-adjusted life years) and 461 069 deaths in 2019. Approximately 90% of the asthma burden of disease is borne by people living low and middle income countries (LMICs). Some countries report very high (up to 90%) rates of uncontrolled asthma. While the prevalence of asthma is highest in countries with a high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), death rates from asthma are highest in countries with low and lower middle incomes.more
Asthma is the most common non-communicable disease in children and remains one of the most common throughout the life course. The great majority of the burden of this disease is seen in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have disproportionately high asthma-related mortality relati...ve to asthma prevalence. This is particularly true for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Although inhaled asthma treatments (particularly those containing inhaled corticosteroids) markedly reduce asthma morbidity and mortality, a substantial proportion of the children, adolescents, and adults with asthma in LMICs do not get to benefit from these, due to poor availability and affordability. In this review, we consider the reality faced by clinicians managing asthma in the primary and secondary care in sub-Saharan Africa and suggest how we might go about making diagnosis and treatment decisions in a range of resource-constrained scenarios. We also provide recommendations for research and policy, to help bridge the gap between current practice in sub-Saharan Africa and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommended diagnostic processes and treatment for children, adolescents, and adults with asthma.more
Effective malaria prevention is threatened by widespread and increasing vector insecticide resistance. Failure to mitigate this threat will likely result in an increased burden of disease, with significant cost implications. This new framework provides support for the development of a national insec...ticide resistance monitoring and management plan as part of a national malaria strategic plan.more
The consolidated guidelines are expected to provide the basis and rationale for the development of national guidelines for LTBI management, adapted to the national and local epidemiology of TB, the availability of resources, the health infrastructure and other national and local determinants. The gu...idelines are to be used primarily in national TB and HIV control programmes, or their equivalents in ministries of health, and for other policy-makers working on TB and HIV and infectious diseases. They are also appropriate for officials in other line ministries with work in the areas of health.more