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In areas of Mexico, Central America, and South America, where the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite is present in triatomine bugs, improved housing and spraying insecticide inside housing to eliminate the bugs has significantly decreased the spread of Chagas disease. Screening of blood donations for Chagas
...
is another important public health tool to help prevent spreading the disease through blood transfusions. Early detection and treatment of new cases, including mother-to-baby (congenital) cases, will also help reduce the burden of disease.
more
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne tropical/subtropical disease caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by sand fly bite. It is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide reports include 1.5–2 million ne
...
w cases each year, more than 300 million at risk of acquiring the disease, and 70,000 deaths per year. Clinical features depend on the Leishmania species and immune response of the host, varying from localized cutaneous disease to visceral form with potentially fatal outcome; however, the common presentation is either cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis. Many therapeutic agents are being used in Leishmania treatment, but the only effective treatment is achieved with current pentavalent antimonials. WHO considers Leishmaniasis as one of the “Neglected Tropical Diseases” that continues to be prevalent despite international, national, and local efforts towards its control and elimination over the last decade. This chapter reviews the global perspective of Leishmaniasis with increasing recognition of emerging “Atypical forms” and new surge of disease across the world mainly due to increasing conflicts in endemic areas leading to forced migration among other causes. All these challenges related to environment, disease, and vector pose major implications on WHO’s leishmaniasis control and elimination plan.
more
Background: Data on burden of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and its attributable risk factors are valuable for policymaking. We aimed to estimate the burden and risk factors for PAD from 1990 to 2019.
Methods: We extracted the data on prevalence, incidence, death, years lived with disability (YLD
...
s), and years of life lost (YLLs) from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to measure PAD burden. Moreover, the attributable burden to PAD risk factors was also estimated.
Results: Globally, in 2019, 113,443,017 people lived with PAD and 10,504,092 new cases occurred, resulting in 74,063 deaths, 500,893 YLDs, and 1,035,487 YLLs. The absolute numbers of PAD prevalent and incident cases significantly increased between 1990 and 2019, contrasting with the decline trends in age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates. However, no statistically significant changes were detected in the global age-standardized death or YLL rates. The burden of PAD and its temporal trends varied significantly by location, gender, age group, and social-demographic status. Among all potentially modifiable risk factors, age-standardized PAD deaths worldwide were primarily attributable to high fasting plasma glucose, followed by high systolic blood pressure, tobacco, kidney dysfunction, diet high in sodium, and lead exposure.
Conclusion: PAD remained a serious public health problem worldwide. More strategies aimed at implementing cost-effective interventions and addressing modifiable risk factors should be carried out, especially in regions with high or increasing burden.
more
Leishmaniasis is still considered to be a global health problem, which spreads in most countries in the world. Leishmania is an intracellular obligate protistan parasite that causes different clinical symptoms in infected humans and other animals. There are clinically different types of the disease
...
including: visceral, cutaneous or muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis. Approximately, two million new infections occurring annually; 0.7 to 1.2 million cases are recorded with cutaneous leishmaniasis and 200,000–400,000 cases return for visceral leishmaniasis. However, Cutaneous leishmaniasis considers one of uncontrolled wobbling endemic diseases, especially in Iraq, which occurs at the skin to cause a dermal lesion. Usually, the lesion is spontaneously healed to leave a colorless depressed scar and permanent immunity.
more
Chagas is a parasitic disease that affects over 6 million people in the
world. As the disease typically remains asymptomatic for years, new cases
often go unnoticed and unreported, and most people
...
with the disease
are unaware of their condition. Less than 10% of people affected are
diagnosed and the vast majority do not receive the treatment they need.
If not treated, Chagas may cause irreversible, life-threatening damage to
the heart and other vital organs.
more
These interim case definitions have been developed for the purpose of providing global standardization for classification and reporting of Zika virus cases. WHO guidance for the surveillance of Zika virus disease is currently being developed.
WHO w
...
ill periodically review these interim case definitions and update them as new information becomes available
more
In January 2018, over 10,000 people fled their homes following clashes reported in multiple locations in Jonglei, including Yuai, Pultruk, Payai, Kuer-nyuon, Pieri, Waat and Walgak. Some crossed to
Ethiopia, where 2,300 people registered as refugees in the Gambela region. There were several report
...
s of people returning from displacement camps and refugee settlements in Uganda to locations in
Central Equatoria, including Lainya, Kajo-keji, Morobo and Yei, as well as reports of movement from Sudan to Bentiu, Unity. However, partners are working to verify these reports; population movements
remain difficult to track and patterns hard to discern. About 5.1 million people were estimated to be severely food insecure between January and March 2018, including 20,000 who are facing catastrophic conditions. According to assessments conducted in January in the Baggari area, Wau County, malnutrition has improved compared to the same period last year, with surveys showing GAM rates of
about 2.8 per cent in Mboro and 3.6 per cent in Farajallah. Last year, Baggari was among locations which surpassed the WHO emergency threshold of 15 percent of the population malnourished. In
January, there were no new reports of cholera cases in South Sudan, marking a continued decline in the outbreak that was declared in June 2016.
more
Summary of new viruses this week: Pakistan—three wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) cases and five WPV1-positive environmental samples; Nigeria—one circulating vaccine derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDP
...
V2)-positive environmental sample; and, Niger—one cVDPV2 isolated from a healthy community. See country sections below for more details.
more
Ebola Crisis Page
HDX Beta
(2014)
A new Ebola crisis page that provides an overview of the data available in HDX. The page includes an interactive map of the worst-affected countries, the top-line figures for the crisis, a graph of cumulative Ebola
...
cases and deaths, and over 40 datasets. Go to the website link https://data.hdx.rwlabs.org/ebola
more
This interactive map of Africa tracks reported cases of Ebola and the number of deaths. The map will be updated every few days as new data become available. Please check the website
This document provides detailed guidance on laboratory testing for suspected diphtheria cases during significant outbreaks or in low-resource settings. It aims to supplement and build on other existing WHO guidance documents on surveillance standard
...
s, diagnostics and research on Corynebacterium by providing key considerations for laboratories that allow the rationalization and optimization of testing during outbreaks. The recommendations given here have been prepared by WHO in consultation with, and reviewed by, global experts with experience in laboratory analysis of Corynebacterium species and in outbreak settings, or with expertise in developing new technologies for diphtheria research and diagnosis. Unless otherwise stated, the considerations provided apply to diphtheria outbreaks caused by toxin-producing C. diphtheriae with a classical respiratory diphtheria presentation.
more
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Up to 40% of people living with diabetes develop CKD, and the number of new cases of CKD in people with type 2 diabetes increas
...
ed by 74% between 1990 and 2017. The prevalence of diabetes-related CKD varies widely between countries. The majority of epidemiological data on CKD comes from high-income countries, but countries with lower socioeconomic status experience the largest increase in diabetes prevalence and their populations with diabetes are at higher risk of CKD.
more
Cervical cancer is a disease of the female reproductive tract caused primarily by oncogenic types of human papillomavirus
(HPV). In 2020, it was the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 604 000 new
...
cases and 342 000 deaths
more
Technologies for global health
Peter Howitt, Ara Darzi, Guang-Zhong Yang, et al.
The Lancet Commission; The Imperial College
(2012)
Collaboration between The Lancet and Imperial College London, UK, has resulted in a new Commission, which examines how medical technology should best be used to improve health in low- and middle-income countries. The report concludes that in many
...
cases, medical technology—almost exclusively developed in rich countries—is simply inappropriate for use in poorer nations
more
Sleeping sickness is a neglected tropical disease affecting rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. The reduction in the number of reported cases in recent years indicates that disease transmission is under control. However, many aspects of patient
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management still need to be improved. Undiagnosed patients or inappropriate treatment due to an incorrect determination of the disease stage could in fact lead to its re-emergence. There is thus a strong need for new diagnostic and staging tools to keep the disease under control and to improve the clinical care of patients. This review describes the most promising biomarkers proposed so far for the diagnosis and stage determination of patients suffering from sleeping sickness, with a particular emphasis on their translation into diagnostic tools for field applications.
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It is estimated that, in Latin America alone, between 6 and 8 million people are infected with the parasite, and 99% of these are not receiving treatment, either because they are unaware of their infection or because they do not know that treatment exists. The potential spread of the disease is also
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a cause for considerable concern: 65 million people live in areas of exposure and are at risk of contracting Chagas disease, and 28,000 new cases occur every year.
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There are 3 main forms of leishmaniases: visceral (the most serious form because it is almost always fatal without treatment), cutaneous (the most common, usually causing skin ulcers), and mucocutaneous (affecting mouth, nose and throat).
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites which are tra
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nsmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.
The disease affects some of the world’s poorest people and is associated with malnutrition, population displacement, poor housing, a weak immune system and lack of financial resources.
An estimated 700 000 to 1 million new cases occur annually.
Only a small fraction of those infected by parasites causing leishmaniasis will eventually develop the disease.
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Integrating neglected tropical diseases into global health and development: fourth WHO report on neglected tropical diseases evaluates the changing global public health landscape; assesses progress towards the 2020 targets; and considers the possible core elements of a strategic vision to integratin
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g neglected tropical diseases into the 2030 Agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Advances have been made through expanded interventions delivered through five public health approaches: innovative and intensified disease management; preventive chemotherapy; vector ecology and management; veterinary public health services; and the provision of safe water, sanitation and hygiene. In 2015 alone nearly one billion people were treated for at least one disease and significant gains were achieved in relieving the symptoms and consequences of diseases for which effective tools are scarce; important reductions were achieved in the number of new cases of sleeping sickness, of visceral leishmaniasis in South-East Asia and also of Buruli ulcer.
The report also considers vector control strategies and discusses the importance of the draft WHO Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030. It argues that veterinary public health requires a multifaceted approach across the human–animal interface as well as a multisectoral programme of work to protect and improve the physical, mental and social well-being of humans, including veterinary, water, sanitation and hygiene.
Integration of activities and interventions into broader health systems is crucial, and despite challenges, has the potential to accelerate progress towards universal health coverage while advancing the 2030 Agenda.
In short, this report drives the message home that “no one must be left behind”.
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With this tool, users can explore progress made toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Measure progress made by 188 countries from 1990–2015 toward 33 health-related indicators, such as mortality rate due to road injuries, prevalence of intimate partner violence
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among women, maternal mortality ratio, and incidence rate of new HIV cases. See how countries have progressed over time. Share and download figures for later use.
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The cholera outbreak in the WHO African Region has affected 17 countries over the last two years. The are six countries categorised to be in acute crisis 1 (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe). The southern region of the continen
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t now in the rainy season with outbreaks now resurging. The increase in rainfall levels is now increasing floods in communities and landslides with increased for outbreaks in countries not reporting new confirmed cases. The seasonality of cholera outbreaks are issues for countries to consider and there is need to enhance preparedness and readiness, heighten surveillance and institute preventive and control measures in communities and around border crossings to prevent and mitigate cross border transmission.
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