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Publication Years
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257
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336
253
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129
128
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44
28
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Toolkit for the Integration of Mental Health into General Healthcare in Humanitarian Settings

International Medical Corps (2019) C1
This Toolkit aims to support the understanding and implementation of integrated mental health programs in humanitarian settings. It provides a framework for essential steps and components, with asso ... more
 External Link
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Global priorities for climate change and mental health research

Fiona Charlson, Suhailah Ali, Jura Augustinavicius et al. Environment International (2022) CC
Compared with other health areas, the mental health impacts of climate change have received less research attention. The literature on climate chan ... more
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National Training Package on Paediatric HIV and AIDS Care and Treatment. Participants Handbook. Module 9: HIV and Primary Health Care

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Programme, Tanzania (2015) C1
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Framework for Strengthening Integration of Mental Health in Programs for Children Orphaned or Made Vulnerable by HIV

4Children (2018) C1
Poverty, HIV and other disease burdens, coupled with common mental disorders including alcohol and other substance use disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, clinical and postnatal depression, distress, and anxiety, impact how caregivers meet the ... more
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Framework for strengthening integration of mental health in programs

Catholic Relief Services; USAID; PEPFAR; 4 Children (Coordinating Comprehensive Care for Children); et al. (2018) C2
For children orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV (OVC)
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Information Note: Disability and Inclusion in MHPSS - IASC Reference Group on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (January 2024)

Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2024) C1
This document contains guidance for strengthening the disability inclusiveness of MHPSS responses and programmes in emergency settings. It is intended to supplement the IASC Guidelines on Mental Health ... more
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Organizing and delivering services for child and adolescent mental health

C. Servili IACAPAP (2012) C2
Miscellaneous Chapter J.5
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Growing Up in Conflict: The Impact on Children's Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-being

Maria Bray, Sabine Rakotomalala, Leslie Snider, Saji Thomas UNICEF, Wendy Ager, Pierette James (2015)
Report on the symposium 26–28 May 2015, New Babylon Meeting Center, The Hague
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Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Kessler, R.C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., et al. European of Psychotraumatology (2017) CC
Objective: To review research on associations of trauma type with PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of epidemiological surveys that obtained representative data on trauma-s ... more
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Case formulation and integration of information in child and adolescent mental health

S. W. Henderson; A. Martin IACAPAP (2014) C2
Introduction Chapter A.10
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Traditional and alternative medicine treatments in child and adolescent mental health

N. L. Soh; G. Walter IACAPAP (2012) C2
Miscellaneous Chapter J.2
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Clinical quality and patient safety in child and adolescent mental health

Fung; D.; C. M. Chern; T. Z. Ting Fang IACAPAP (2019) C2
Miscellaneous Chapter J.8
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J11. The practice of child mental health nurses

Kathleen R Delaney, Janice L. Cooper & Sylvia Nshemerewire IACAPAP (2015) C1
This publication is intended for professionals training or practicing in mental health and not for the general public. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represe ... more
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Developing Cultural Competence in Disaster Mental Health Programs

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003) C2
Guiding Principles and Recommendations
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Helping someone with gambling problems: Mental Health first aid guidelines
recommended

MHFA MHFA (2021) CC
In these guidelines we use the term gambling problems to refer to difficulties over time in limiting money or time spent on gambling, which leads to adverse consequences for the person, others, or for the community. This could include someone whose gambling is having a great enough impact on the ... more
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Hidden scars: how violence harms the mental health of children

Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children (2020) CC
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The impact of climate change on mental health and emotional wellbeing: current evidence and implications for policy and practice

Lawrence, E.; R. Thompson, G. Fontana, et al. (2021) CC
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Africa CDC Non Communicable Diseases, Injuries Prevention and Control and Mental Health Promotion Strategy
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) CC
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) & injuries and mental health conditions constitute a serious impediment to achieving the vision of Agenda 2063 to build an integrated, prosperous, and peaceful Afric ... more
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Global mapping report on multisectoral actions to strengthen the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases and mental health conditions: experiences from around the world

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO
There is growing understanding and high-level endorsement of the importance of strong collaborative multisectoral approaches to address a broad range of social, economic and governance issues for the prevention and control of noncommunicable disease (NCDs) and ... more
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Design and Implementation of a Community Health Worker HIV Treatment and Prevention Intervention in an HIV Hotspot Fishing Community in Rakai, Uganda

A. Long; I. Mbabali; H. E. Hutton et al. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care; Department of Health & Human Services USA (2017) C2
J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2017 ; 16(5): 499–505. doi:10.1177/2325957417709089.
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Countering the stigmatisation and discrimination of people with mental health problems in Europe

McDaid, D. ealth and Living Conditions Network of the European Observatory (2019) C2
Research Paper, Accessed April 10,2019
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Involving the public in health research in Latin America: making the case for mental health

MI. Troya,B. Bartlam, and C. A. Chew-Graham (2018) CC
Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2018;42:e45. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.45
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WPA guidance on steps, obstacles and mistakes to avoid in the implementation of community mental health care

Thornicroft G, Alem A, Antunes Dos Santos R, et al. (2010) CC
World Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;9(2):67-77. The main recommendations are presented in relation to: the need for coordinated policies, plans and programmes, the requirement to scale up services for whole populations, the importance of promoting community awareness about ... more
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Policy Brief: COVID-19 and the Need for Action on Mental Health (13 May 2020)

United Nations (2020) CC
Although the COVID-19 crisis is, in the first instance, a physical health crisis, it has the seeds of a major mental health crisis as well, if acti ... more
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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Evidence-based treatment protocols

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO
In many low- and middle-income countries, there is a wide gap between evidencebased recommendations and current practice. Treatment of major CVD risk factors remains suboptimal, and only a minority of patients who are treated reach their target leve ... more
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Additional Content to the National Sexually Transmitted Infections Care and Treatment Course for Health Care Workers

Dept. of Health, Republic of South Africa (2015) C1
High Transmission Areas: Key Populations
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Who is Where, When, doing What (4Ws) Mental Health, Psychosocial and Protection Support in Jordan: Interventions Mapping Exercise

IMC Interrnational Medical Corps; World Health Organization WHO; UNICEF (2013) C2
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Invisible Wounds. The impact of six years of war on the mental health of Syria’s children

Save the Children (2017) C1
“The children are psychologically crushed and tired. When we do activities like singing with them, they don’t respond at all. They don’t laugh like they would normally. They draw images of children being butchered in the war, or tanks, or the siege and the lack of food.” Teacher in the ... more
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The use of low-cost Android tablets to train community health workers in Mukono, Uganda, in the recognition, treatment and prevention of pneumonia in children under five: a pilot randomised controlled

J.O’Donovan, K. Kabali, C. Taylor, et al. (2018) CC
Human Resources for Health201816:49; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0315-7
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Guidelines on the Use of Tele-Counselling for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mombasa, Kenya

Mombasa City Council; USAID (2020) CC
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J12. Wellbeing: identification and prevention of burnout, depression and suicide among child mental health clinicians

Frances Javier, Julie Chilton & Andrés Martin IACAPAP (2015) C1
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Expert and stakeholder virtual consultation meeting to develop the Africa CDC Non-Communicable Diseases and Mental Health Strategy

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) C_CDC
Executive summary On 27th and 28th April 2021, the division of Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with Public Health England, organized a virtual consultative meeting as part of the consultations with Member States and partners for the ... more
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Childhood, War, Refugeedom and 'Trauma': Three Core Questions for Mental Health Professionals

Derek Summerfield McGill University - Medical Foundation Series (2000) C1
The rise of the discourse of 'trauma' as a major articulator of suffering within Western culture is a facet of the medicalization of life that has gathered pace in the last century. In recent years, Western mental ... more
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Executive Summary - Chapter 2 Health Services

T. F. Babor; K. Stenius ATLAS on substance use (2010)— Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder; WHO (2019) C_WHO
ATLAS on substance use (2010) — Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorders Accessed: 14.03.2019
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International Standards for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders
recommended

World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2017) C2
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CH 2: Psychosocial interventions for treatment of behavioural disorders.

World Health Organization (2015) C_WHO
[Updated 2015] SCOPING QUESTION: What is the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions (including caregiver skills training) for behavioural disorders in children and adolescents?
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CH 3: Psychosocial interventions, treatment of emotional disorders.

World Health Organization (2015) C_WHO
[Updated 2015] Scoping question: What is the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions, including caregiver skills training, for emotional disorders in children and adolescents?
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Duration of antidepressant treatment

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
Q 2: How long should treatment with antidepressants continue in adults with depressive episode/disorder?
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Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence

World Health Organization (2009) C_WHO
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Antidepressants (Tricyclic Antidepressants and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) in treatment of adults with depression

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
Q 1: Are antidepressants (Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA) and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)) better (more effective than/as safe as) than treatment as usual (placebo) in adults with depressive episode/disorder?
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The impact of COVID-19 on mental, neurological and substance use services
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO
Results of rapid assessment The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted or halted critical mental health services in 93% of countries worldwide while the demand for ... more
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Duration of antipsychotic treatment in individuals with long term and-or recurrent psychotic disorders

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
Q4: In individuals with long term and/or recurrent psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia), should individuals be maintained on pharmacotherapy indefinitely or withdrawn from treatment in order to allow for the best outcomes?
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Brief, structured psychological treatment

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
Q 3: Is brief, structured psychological treatment in non-specialist health care settings better (more effective than/as safe as) than treatment as ... more
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MhGAP Child and adolescent mental and behavioural disorders, slides.
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2010) C_WHO
mhGAP Training of Health-care Providers Training manual and Supporting material.
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The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. F10 - F19 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use

World Health Organization (WHO) (1992) C_WHO
This block contains a wide variety of disorders that differ in severity (from uncomplicated intoxication and harmful use to obvious psychotic disorders and dementia), but that are all attributable to the use of one or more psychoactive substances (which may or may not have been medically prescribed) ... more
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Prevention and Treatment of HIV ands other sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men and transgender people

World Health Organization; UNAIDS; UNDP; et al. (2011) C_WHO
Recommendations for a public health approach HIV/AIDS Programme
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Module: MhGAP Child and adolescent mental and behavioural disorders.
recommended

World Health Organization WHO WHO (2010) C_WHO
Overview Learning objectives • Promote respect and dignity for children and adolescents with mental and behavioural disorders. • Know common presentations of children and adolescents with mental ... more
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Resources for the Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
The WHO Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study measures the burden of disease using the disability-adjusted life year metric (DALY). The DALY metric was developed to assess the burden of disease consistently across diseases, risk factors and regions. A consistent and comparative description of the ... more
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Prevention and Treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for sex workers in low- and middle-income countries

World Health Organization; UNFPA; UNAIDS; etc al.d (2012) C_WHO
HIV/AIDS Programme Policy Brief
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Guidelines for the management of common mental disorders

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India (2016) C1
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The impact of COVID-19 on mental, neurological and substance use services: results of a rapid assessment in the African Region

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Africa (2020) C_WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified mental health as an integral component of the COVID-19 response. Its rapid assessment of service ... more
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Improving Access to and Appropriate Use of Medicines for Mental Disorders
recommended

Corrado Barbui, Tarun Dua, Kavitha Kolappa et al. World Health Organization and Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (2017) C_WHO
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Current recommendations for treatment of tetanus during humanitarian emergencies

World Health Organization (2010)
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Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders
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World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO
This booklet provides latest available estimates of the prevalence of depression and other common mental disorders at the global and regional level, together with data concerning the consequences of these disorders in terms of lost ... more
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The Burden of Mental Disorders in the Region of the Americas

World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization (2018) C_WHO
This report aims to improve the assessment of mental health needs in the Americas by providing an updated and nuanced picture of: (a) the disability resulting from ... more
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Global burden of mental disorders among children aged 5–14 years

M. L. Baranne; B. Falissard Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (2018) CC
The global burden of disease (GBD) study provides information about fatal and non-fatal health outcomes around the world. The objective of this work is to describe the burden of mental disorders am ... more
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Role of depot antipsychotic medication in long-term antipsychotic treatment

World Health Organization WHO (2015) C_WHO
Q5.SCOPING QUESTION: In individuals with psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia) who require long-term antipsychotic treatment, what is the safety and role of depot antipsychotic medication?
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The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines
recommended

World Health Organization (WHO) (1992) C_WHO
Provides clinical descriptions, diagnostic guidelines, and codes for all mental and behavioural disorders commonly encountered in clinical psychiatry. The book was developed from chapter V of the Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Class ... more
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Eating disorders: recognition and treatment

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2017) C2
NICE guideline Published: 23 May 2017
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Duration of antipsychotic treatment in individuals with a first psychotic episode
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World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
Q3: In individuals with a first psychotic episode with full remission, how long should antipsychotic drug treatment be continued after remission in order to allow for the best outcomes?
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Using Theory of Change in the development, implementation and evaluation of complex health interventions. A practical guide

Mary De Silva, Lucy Lee& Grace Ryan The Centre for Global Mental Health &the Mental Health Innovation Network (2015) C1
This guide provides a practical overview of the process of developing a Theory of Change, focusing on using a stakeholder-driven, workshop approach to achieve this.
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Adherence to Treatment for HIV A Training Curriculum for Counselors - Participant Manual

F. Saini; Dr. V. R. Kandula; G. Venugopal Engender Health Society (Improving Women's Health Worldwide); CII Confederation of Indian Industry; Population Foundation of India; et al. (2006) C2
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Malawi Standard Treatment Guidelines (MSTG) 5th Edition
recommended

Ministry of Health, Malawi (2015) C1
Incorporating Malawi Essential Medicines List (MEML)
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Adherence to Treatment for HIV A Training Curriculum for Counselors - Facilitator Guide

F. Saini; Dr. V. R. Kandula; G. Venugopal Engender Health Society (Improving Women's Health Worldwide); CII Confederation of Indian Industry; Population Foundation of India; et al. (2006) C2
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Standard treatment guidelines general surgery

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India (2020) C1
Accessed Febr. 6, 2020
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Interim Technical Note Treatment of cholera in pregnant women 21 November 2022

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) CC
The link between cholera in pregnancy and negative childbirth outcomes has been observed since the 19th century, but there is currently no clear understanding of the extent nor the mechanisms to inform treatment guidelines. The recommendations in ... more
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Caring for children and adolescents with mental disorders

World Health Organization WHO (2003) C_WHO
Setting WHO directions
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Consolidated Guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations (Updated 2016)

C. Beyrer; A. Kamarulzaman; E. Aaraj; et al. World Health Organization (2016) C_WHO
Guidelines Key Populations
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THE NATIONAL PROTOCOL FOR TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS IN KENYA

Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya (2017) C2
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HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations - Consolidated guidelines (2014)

World Health Organization (2014) C_WHO
Policy brief
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Antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine) for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO
Q8. SCOPING QUESTION: In people with bipolar disorders who require maintenance treatment, are a) antipsychotics or b) mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate or carbamazepine) effective and safe?
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Erratum to “A Review of Substance Use Disorder Treatment in Developing World Communities”

J. Salwan; C. L. Katz Science Direct; Elsevier B.V.; Annals of Global Health (2014) CC
ERRATA 2214-9996/a 2014 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Medical Education Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2014.10.003
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Quick guide to video-supported treatment of tuberculosis (2020)

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe (2020) C_WHO
Despite being a curable and preventable disease, tuberculosis (TB) remains as one of the major challenges for health systems, globally. Every year, TB affects more than 10 million people and kills more than 1.4 million people. WHO’s Digital ... more
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The Treatment of Diarrhoea

World Health Organization WHO (2005) C_WHO
A manual for physicians and other senior health workers. This fourth revision of the manual reflects recent clinical experience and research findings in diarrhoea case management. Compared to earlier versions, it includes revised guidelines on the m ... more
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Beyond diagnosis and treatment The social protection landscape for people affected by TB in the WHO South-East Asia Region, 2024

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO
The social protection landscape for people affected by TB in the WHO South-East Asia Region
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Dengue Guidelines For Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control
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World Health Organization; TDR (2009) C_WHO
New edition
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Guideline for Treatment & Prevention of Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia
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Ministry of Health Ethiopia (2013) CC
2nd edition
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STANDARD TREATMENT GUIDELINES AND ESSENTIAL MEDICINES LIST FOR LESOTHO

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW), Kingdom of Lesotho (2005) C2
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Standard treatment guidelines pediatrics and pediatric surgery

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India (2020) C1
Accessed Febr. 6 ,2020
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Standard treatment guidelines gastrointestinal surgery (India)

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India (2020) C1
Accessed Febr. 6, 2020
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Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults
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World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO
The recommendations cover the level of blood pressure to start medication, what type of medicine or combination of medicines to use, the target blood pressure level, and how often to have follow-up checks on blood pressure. In addition, the guideline provides the basis for how physicians and other ... more
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Addressing comorbidity between mental disorders and major noncommunicable diseases

World Health Organization WHO; Regional Office for Europe (2017) C_WHO
Reduced healthy life expectancy due to the high burden of both mental ill health and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is a major public health conce ... more
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HIV prevention, treatment and care in prisons and other closed settings: a comprehensive package of interventions

World Health Organization; UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime); UNAIDS; et al. (2013) C_WHO
Policy Brief
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WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Santesso, N.; J. Wasserheit, H. Schünemann, et cl. World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) C_WHO
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WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis
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World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO
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International standards for the treatment of drug use disorders - Revised Edition Incorporating Results Of Field - Testing

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO
This document is based on currently available scientific evidence on treatment for drug use disorders and sets out a framework for the implementation of the Standards, in line with principles of public hea ... more
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Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persions with hepatitis C infection. Updated Version, April 2016
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO
The objectives of these WHO guidelines are to provide updated evidence- based recommendations for the treatment of persons with hepatitis C infection using, where possible, all DAA-only combinations. The guidelines also provide recommendations on th ... more
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WHO guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of persisting pain in children with medical illnesses

World Health Organization (2012)
The Access to Controlled Medications Programme identified the development of treatment guidelines that cover the treatment of all types of pain as one of the core areas of focus for improving acces ... more
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mhGAP Humanitarian Intervention Guide (mhGAP-HIG): Clinical management of mental, neurological and substance use conditions in humanitarian emergencies
recommended

World Health Organization, UN High Commissioner for Refugees (2015) C_WHO
The new guide provides practical, first-line management recommendations for mental, neurological and substance use conditions. Contents include modules on assessing and managing conditions such as acute stress, grief, moderate-severe depressive diso ... more
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WHO guidelines for the treatment of Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
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World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO
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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa. Hospital Level: Paediatrics

Department of Health, Republic of South Africa (2017) C1
Fourth Edition
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WHO guideline on syphilis screening and treatment for pregnant women

World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) C_WHO
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Promotion, prevention and protection: interventions at the population- and community-levels for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in low- and middle-income countries

I. Petersen; , S. Evans‐Lacko; M. Semrau; et al. International Journal of Mental Health Systems; BioMed Central (2016) CC
Petersen et al. Int J Ment Health Syst (2016) 10:30 DOI 10.1186/s13033-016-0060-z
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Clinical Practice Guideline for Treatment of Patients with Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care

Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs, Agencia Laín Entralgo. Unidad de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitaria, Madrid (2010) C2
The purpose of the Clinical Practice Guideline for Treatment of Patients with Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care is to provide professionals with practical recommendations based on scientific evidence to assist in the detection and effective ... more
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Antidepressant medication in comparison with psychological treatment for moderate to severe depressive disorder
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2015) C_WHO
Q7. SCOPING QUESTION: In adults with moderate-severe depressive disorder, what is the effectiveness and safety of antidepressant medication (ADM) in comparison with psychological treatment? The WHO mhGAP programme’s existing guidelines recommen ... more
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Barriers to Access: Medication-Assisted Treatment and Injection-Driven HIV Epidemics

Open Society Institute - Public Health Program; International Harm Reduction Development Program (IHRD) (2019) C2
Public Health Factsheet Accessed: 29.09.2019
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HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations

World Health Organization; UMAIDS; UNDP; et al. (2017) C_WHO
Policy Brief Consolidated Guidelines Updated 2016 WHO/HIV/2017.05
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Standard treatment guidelines neurology (India)

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India (2020) C1
Accessed Febr. 6, 2020
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Updated Recommendations Onservice Delivery For The Treatment And Care Of People Living With HIV. Summary Slides
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO
These guidelines provide new and updated recommendations on the use of point-of-care testing in children under 18 months of age and point-of-care tests to monitor treatment in people living with HIV; the t ... more
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Recommended package of interventions for HIV, viral hepatis and STI prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for people who inject drugs: policy brief

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO
HIV, viral hepatitis and STI epidemics, particularly among people who inject drugs and other key populations, continue to be fuelled by laws and policies criminalizing sex work; drug use or possession; diverse forms of gender expression and sexuality; stigma and discrimination; gender discrimination ... more