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The article "Can we prevent cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income
...
countries?" by Claude Lenfant discusses the growing threat of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing countries. It highlights that while CVD is already the leading cause of death globally, low- and middle-income countries are now facing rising CVD rates due to lifestyle changes associated with urbanization and economic growth. Lenfant advocates for a dual approach: identifying and treating high-risk individuals and promoting broad, population-wide prevention efforts focused on lifestyle changes such as reducing smoking, lowering salt intake, and increasing physical activity. He emphasizes that early, affordable preventive measures are essential to mitigate the impending CVD epidemic in these countries and prevent significant healthcare and economic strain.
more
Drugs & Therapy Perspectives vol.36 (2020) 6
Our aim is to review current asthma epidemiology, achievements from the last 10 years, and persistent challenges of asthma man- agement and control in low
...
-middle income countries (LMICs). Despite global efforts, asthma continues to be an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in poorly resourced settings. Several epidemiological studies in the last decades have shown significant variability in the prevalence of asthma globally, but generally a marked increase in LMICs resulting in significant mor- bidity and mortality. Poverty, air pollution, climate change, exposure to indoor allergens, urbanization and diet are some of the factors that contribute to inadequate control and poor outcomes in developing countries. Although asthma guidelines have been developed to raise awareness and improve asthma diagnosis and treatment, problems with underdiagnosis and undertreatment are still common. In addition, important social, financial, cultural and healthcare barriers are common obstacles in LMICs in achieving control. Given the high burden of asthma in these countries, adaptation and implementation of national asthma guidelines tailored to local needs should be a public health priority. Governmental commitment, education, better health system infrastructure, access to care and effective asthma medications are the cornerstone of achieving success.
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The objective is to estimate the level and trend of develoment assistance for comunity health worker related projects in low and
...
middle income countries between 2007 and 2017
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PLoS Med 8(11): e1001122. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001122
Many vaccines and drugs hold the promise of reducing mortality and morbidity among pregnant women and infants living in
...
low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, sufficient information on the safety of drugs and vaccines in pregnant women is rarely available at the time of product licensure or approval. To account for this, active safety surveillance efforts are needed during the post-licensure and post-approval
phase to assess the safety of drugs and vaccines in pregnant women and their offspring. Pregnancy exposure registries (PER) are used to monitor the safety of vaccines and drugs. PERs are observational studies that systematically collect health information on exposure to medical products such as drugs and vaccines during pregnancy. This review demonstrates that a number of resources presently exist in LMICs that perform active safety surveillance in pregnant populations. These results indicate such systems employ a wide variety of approaches, each with their own set of strengths and challenges, as summarized in the final section of the report.
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This online training is based on the Global Laboratory Initiative’s “Guide for providing technical support to TB laboratories in low- and middle
...
-income countries”. This guide is intended to familiarize those who are providing technical assistance to TB laboratories in low- and middle-income countries with WHO recommendations and international best practices.
more
BMJ 2020;368:m1052 doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1052 (Published 13 March 2020)
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a substantial threat to many health systems, especially in low-income and middle-
...
income countries (LMICs) where they are already overstretched. In the past few decades, deaths from NCDs in LMICs have spiked, whereas numbers in high-income countries have stabilised. Worryingly, a large proportion of deaths from NCDs (29%) in LMICs occur among people younger than 60 years compared with the proportion in high-income countries (13%). This finding has been attributed to poor access to effective and equitable health-care services in most LMICs. The threat of NCDs in LMICs was recognised by the UN 2011 High-Level Meeting, and is now featured in Sustainable Development Goal 3 in the form of reducing premature mortality from NCDs by one-third before 2030. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of deaths from NCDs (ie, 48% of all NCDs deaths). Therefore, substantial reductions in CVDs will have a major impact on reducing the overall burden of NCDs globally. The good news is that most CVDs can be prevented by addressing the key underlying behavioural risk factors, such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, tobacco use, and harmful use of alcohol, through population-wide approaches. Among individuals with or at high risk of CVD, early detection and effective management with appropriate counselling and medicines can reduce cardiovascular deaths substantially.
The importance of effective treatment for CVD has been recognised in the Global NCD Action Plan 2013–20, for which one of the nine global targets is that at least 50% of eligible individuals should receive drug therapy and counselling to prevent heart attacks and strokes by 2025.5 Although admirable, this is a hard target to achieve given that secondary prevention strategies in LMICs are often unaffordable or unavailable.
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Background
How to finance progress towards universal health coverage in low-income and middle-income
...
countries is a subject of intense debate. We investigated how alternative tax systems aff ect the breadth, depth, and height of health system coverage.
Methods
We used cross-national longitudinal fi xed eff ects models to assess the relationships between total and diff erent types of tax revenue, health system coverage, and associated child and maternal health outcomes in 89 low-income and middle-income countries from 1995–2011.
more
Estimates of government spending and development assistance for tuberculosis exist, but less is known
about out-of-pocket and prepaid private spending. We aimed to provide comprehensive estimates o
...
f total spending on
tuberculosis in low-income and middle-income countries for 2000–17.
more
The toolkit provides guidance on where to get started, including the structures and resources that should be put in place at the national and health-care facility level, through a stepwise approach
...
in low-resource settings. As the ultimate goal of an AMS programme is sustainable behaviour change in physicians’ antibiotic prescribing practices, the toolkit also provides detailed guidance on how to plan, perform and assess AMS interventions – including feedback on antibiotic use over time. Finally, the toolkit provides an overview of the competencies an AMS team needs to guide health-care professionals in changing their antibiotic prescribing behaviours.
Please note that this course is part of a training package, so please register for the complementary course WHO Policy Guidance on Integrated Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities so that you can complete your learning journey.
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Approximately 80% of the 463 million adults worldwide with diabetes live in low-income and middle-incom
...
e countries (LMICs). A major obstacle to designing evidence-based policies to improve diabetes outcomes in LMICs is the scarce availability of nationally representative data on the current patterns of treatment coverage. The objectives of this study were to estimate the proportion of adults with diabetes in LMICs who receive coverage of recommended pharmacological and non-pharmacological diabetes treatment; and to describe country-level and individual-level characteristics that are associated with treatment.
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The state of diabetes treatment coverage in 55 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data in 680 102 adults 2021
Flood, D.; Seiglie, J.A.; Dunn, M.; et al.
The Lancet Healthy Longevity Volume 2, Issue 6e340-e351June 2021
(2021)
CC2
Approximately 80% of the 463 million adults worldwide with diabetes live in low-income and middle-incom
...
e countries (LMICs). A major obstacle to designing evidence-based policies to improve diabetes outcomes in LMICs is the scarce availability of nationally representative data on the current patterns of treatment coverage. The objectives of this study were to estimate the proportion of adults with diabetes in LMICs who receive coverage of recommended pharmacological and non-pharmacological diabetes treatment; and to describe country-level and individual-level characteristics that are associated with treatment.
more
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to our health, causing at least 700,000 deaths globally every year. The death toll attributed to AMR is predicted to rise, with most lives lost in low and
...
middle income countries (LMICs).
AMR is also a critical challenge for many other sectors, including animal health and welfare, aquaculture, agriculture, food safety and broader socioeconomic development. A coordinated, cross-sectoral and multi-pronged approach is needed at all levels of government to ensure an effective and targeted response to this mounting resistance.
more
Heart failure is an important global health problem, and the associated public health and economic effect is increasing across all societies and ge
...
ographies.
Epidemiological studies have estimated that there are more than 25 million patients with heart failure globally, and population-based studies from North America and Europe have estimated that 1–2% of people are living with heart failure. Factors such as ageing and expanding populations have contributed to increasing hospital admissions for heart failure.
more
Between 2012 and 2016, development assistance for HIV/AIDS decreased by 20·0%; domestic financing is therefore critical to sustaining the response to HIV/AIDS. To understand whether domestic resources could fill the financing gaps created by declin
...
es in development assistance, we aimed to track spending on HIV/AIDS and estimated the potential for governments to devote additional domestic funds to HIV/AIDS.
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