Alberto Minoletti, Michelle Funk, Natalie Drew et al.
1
Alexander Lourdes Samy, Zahra Fazli Khalaf, & Wah-Yun Low
1
Alice Mark
1
Aliku, T. et al.
1
Alipanah N, Jarlsberg L et al.
1
Allach, Y.
1
Alonso, J.
1
Alvarado R., Ramírez J. et al
1
American Research Foundation,
1
Amini, M.
1
Ana Carvajal, José Félix Oletta López, Alejandro Rísquez
1
Anaya-Covarrubias, J.Y.
1
and C. Sabine
1
and J. Garcia-Rosales Delgado
1
and S. Ayenalam Kidanie
1
Angelo Barbato, Martine Vallarino, Filippo Rapisarda, et al.
1
Annim, Samuel Kobina, Kofi Awusabo-Asare, and Joshua Amo-Adjei
1
AOSIS
1
Appleton, R.E. & Cross, J.H.
1
Ar-Rizqi, M.A.
1
Arjadi , R.
1
Arlington, VA: Management Sciences for Health
1
Aryal, K. K., R. Dangol, P. Gartoulla, and G. R. Subedi
1
Asa, S.S., A. Titilayo, and J. A. Kupoluyi.
1
Asaaf, Shireen, Wenjuan Wang, and Lindsay Mallick
1
Ashleigh Tuite
1
Assaf S., W. Wang, L. Mallick
1
Aung Zayar Paing
1
Aye Kyawt Paing et al.
1
Åsa Hammar and Guro Årdal
1
B. Cao
1
B. Ezenwa
1
B. Ohye
1
B. Parks et al.
1
BafF e.V.
1
Bahiru, E.
1
Banerjee, A.
1
Bapoutou, B.
1
Barcelos TN, Muniz LN, Dantas DM et al.
1
Barnes, H.
1
Bashemera, Domitilla R., Martha J. Nhembo, and Grace Benedict
1
Bazargani, Y.T.
1
Bălă, G.P.
1
Begum, T. S. M.
1
Bendavid E. et al.
1
Bennett, James et al.
1
Berkeley, CA: Hesperian Foundation
1
Berkowitz, A.L.
1
Bernard van Leer Foundation
1
Berry, P.
1
Betrò, S.
1
Bham A., J. Bhiman, F. Bongweni et al.
1
Bham, A.
1
Bhatnagar, A.
1
Bio Med Central
1
Bioethics
1
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
1
BMC Health Services Research
1
BMC Primary Care
1
Bo Peng , Rowland W. Pettit, and Christopher I. Amos
1
Bo Wen, Rongbin Xu, Yao Wu, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho et al.
1
Bodeker, Gerard, Ong, Chi-Keong, Grundy, Chris, Burford, Gemma, Shein, Kin. et al. (2005). WHO global atlas of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine. Kobe, Japa
1
Bonita, R.
1
Bortone, B.
1
Bozorgmehr, K.
1
Braae, U.
1
Brandon A. Kohrt,Laura Asher, Anvita Bhardwaj, et al.
1
Breathe, part of the European Respiratory Society (ERS)
1
Breitner-Busch, S.
1
Briegel, J.
1
Budreviciute, A.
1
Bui, B., Ohye, B., Palitz, S., et al.
1
Burton Blatt Institute at Syracuse University and the Secretariat for the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, UNDESA
1
Bwalya, Bupe B., Mulenga C. Mulenga, and James N. Mulenga
1
C. and B. Kwagala
1
C. C. Onyedum, I. Alobu, K. N. Ukwaja
1
C. Contini, M. Maritari, M. die Nuzzo, et al.
1
C. Giannou, M. Baldan and A. Molde
1
C. Hanlon, A. Alem, C. Lund, et al.
1
C. Hoffmann, A. Gualani Gualani
1
C. Hoffmann, et al.
1
C. Hughes
1
C. K. Mbuba
1
C. Kanabkaew
1
C. Kennedy
1
C. Mpody, et al.
1
C. R. Newton
1
C. S. Yaha
1
C. Taylor, A. Linn, W. Wang, and H. Moussa
1
C. Wilcox, L. Lebreton et al.
1
Cadernos de Saúde Pública
1
CAP-China
1
Capps, B.
1
Carbonell, C.
1
Cavallaro F. L., L. Benova, D. Macleod et. al.
1
Cawthrope, D.
1
Center for Disease Control
1
Center for Global Development
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV
1
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
1
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor
1
Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg
1
Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis and Outbreak Response
1
Chaitra Gopalappa, John Stover & Carel Pretorius
1
Chakaya, J.
1
Chambliss, S. E.
1
Chapotera, Gertrude, Vinitha Jayachandran, and John Phuka
1
Charles B. Nemeroff
1
Chas J., Hema A., Slama L. et. al.
1
Chaziya J, Freyne B, Lissauer S et al.
1
Chhea, Chhorvann, Por Ir, and Heng Sopheab
1
Chikutsa, Antony, Alfred C. Ncube, and Shepard Mutsau
1
China-Japan Friendship Hospital
1
Chou-Zen Giam
1
Chowdhary, N.
1
Chowell and Nishiura
1
Chu, D.K.
1
Ciais, P.
1
Cianconi, P.
1
Circulation
1
Clarke-Deelder, E., G. Shapira, H. Samaha, et al.
1
Climate central
1
Clouse, Emily
1
Cogent Medicine
1
Cole CP, James PB, Kargbo AT
1
Collin F. Payne and Hans-Peter Kohler
1
Cometto, G.
1
Consejo
1
Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL)
1
Consorcio Latinoamericano de Anticoncepción de Emergencia (CLAE), Naciones Unidas, et al.
1
Convention on Biological Diversity
1
Cosgrave, J.
1
COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators
1
Cupertino, M. C.
1
D. Antognini, A. Combes, et al.
1
D. Daniels
1
D. Daniels, C. Smyth, et al.
1
D. Daniels, et al.
1
D. Gomez-Pastrana
1
D. Gyamfi Amoako, R. Carrel Founou, et al.
1
D. Kerrigan
1
D. Luo
1
D. O’Mahony
1
D. Purnamasari, S. Waspadji, J. MF Adam, et al.
1
Dai, W., Kaminga, A.C., Tan, H., Wang, J., Lai, Z., Wu, X., Xiong, Y., Deng, J. & Liu, A.
Katie Murphy, Sandra Maignant, Laura Boone, Sarah Smith
1
Kengne, A.P. et al.
1
Kessler, R.C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., et al.
1
Kett, M.
1
Keymanthri Moodley, Kate Hardie, Michael J Selgelid, et al.
1
Khdr Sabir, D. et al.
1
Khuluza, F.
1
Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F., K. Jean, M. Maheu-Giroux
1
Kirenga, B.J.
1
Kishimoto T., Robenzadeh A, Leucht C, et al.
1
Klug, E. et al.
1
Kluge, S. et al.
1
Kohler, S.
1
Kohn R, Ali A, Puac-Polanco V, Figueroa C, López-Soto V, Morgan K, et al.
1
Kontsevaya A, Farrington J, Balcılar M, Ergüder T
1
Kopittke, P.M.
1
Korenromp E.
1
Krupnick, Gary A.
1
Kuate, L.M. et al.
1
Kumar Roy., S. and S. Bhattacharjee
1
Kunda J., Gosling S., Foody G. et al.
1
L. Alfieri, M. Flörke et al.
1
L. Cai
1
L. L. Abuogi
1
L. R. Augustemak de Lima
1
L. Xu
1
L. Zhou
1
L.Houétondji Codjo, D. Dokoui, S, et al.
1
La Grutta, S.
1
Ladnaya, N.
1
Larson, M. C.
1
Larson, P. S.
1
Lee J. Y., Marotzke J., et al.
1
Lee, V.
1
Leong, T. L.
1
Leufkens, H.G.M. et al.
1
Ling, S.
1
Linju Maria, J.
1
Lockwod DN.
1
Lode, H.
1
Loua, A.
1
López-Bernús, A.
1
M. Dara, C. D. Acosta, M. V. S. Vinklers Melchers, et al.
1
M. Doherty
1
M. F. Biudes
1
M. Fritzsche
1
M. G. Whitfield, H. M. Soeters, R. M. Warren, et al.
1
M. J. Abzug
1
M. K. Kumwenda
1
M. Langer
1
M. Lefebvre
1
M. Mayan
1
M. Mntonintshi
1
M. N. Drew
1
M. Nebuloni
1
M. Paz N. Marquez
1
M. Penazzato
1
M. Prescott, C. Boeke, T. Gotora, et al.
1
M. Ranganathan et al.
1
M. Roser, P. Geldsetzer, T. Bärnighausen
1
M. Schomaker
1
M. Snowling
1
M. Vitoria
1
M. Vitoriaa
1
M.-A. Davies
1
M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. Gascon
1
M.M. Bailey, D. Bickford et al.
1
M.M.M. Kabamalan and E.P. Laguna
1
MacQuarrie, Kerry L.D., Sarah E.K. Bradley, Alison Gemmill, and Sarah Staveteig
1
Mageni, Judith Nekesa, Ann Mwagni, Samwel Mbugua, and Vincent Mukthar
1
Mailloux, N.A. et al.
1
Makanjuola, A. et al.
1
Makatjane, T. J., T. Hlabana, and E. M. Letete
1
Makoka, Donald
1
Makwe, C.
1
Mallick L., Winter R., Wong W., et al.
1
Mallick, Lindsay, Wenjuan Wang, Temsah, Gheda
1
Manas R. , Behera R., Satpathy S.K.
1
Margaret Grigg , Michelle Funk, Natalie Drew et al.
1
Mark W. Rosegrant | Jawoo Koo | Nicola Cenacchi
1
Mark, A.
1
Martinez Viciana, C.
1
Martínez-Austria Polioptro,F and Bandala E. R
1
Mary-Anne Hartley, Alyssa Young, Anh-Minh Tran et al.
1
Matsushita, K.
1
Matthew Benage
1
Mburu, Gitau
1
McCaula, M.
1
McKee, M.
1
MDPI Journal of Clinical Medicine
1
Medicine
1
Mensah, G.A.
1
Mercado, S.
1
Mercedes M. Maicán V., Ángel Granado, Jesús Cedeño, et al.
1
Mews, C.
1
Mèdecines sans Frontières MSF
1
Médecins sans Frontières MSF
1
MI. Troya,B. Bartlam, and C. A. Chew-Graham
1
Michael T. Osterholma, Kristine A. Moorea, Nicholas S. Kelley et al.
1
Military Medical Research
1
Milligan H., Goodwin K., et al.
1
Minh D Pham
1
Ministerio de Salud y Deportes Bolivia
1
Ministerio de Salud y Deportes Bolivia
1
Ministerio de Salud y Proteccion Social Bogota, Colombia
1
Ministerio de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
1
Ministery of Public Health, Thailand
1
Ministry of Health, Kenya
1
Minja, N.W.
1
Mkoko, P.
1
Mochtar, C.A., R. Umbas, D.M. Soebadi, et al.,
1
Modi, D., N. Dholakia, R. Gopalan, et al.
1
Mohamed, S.F.
1
Morse, J.M.
1
Mpe, M.
1
MSMGF
1
Multidisciplinary Collaborative Group for the Scientific Monitoring of COVID-19 (GCMSC)
1
Muntean Al., Popa M.
1
Murray Dickson
1
Murray, C.J.L.
1
Mutuku, Andrew Kyalo
1
Mücke, H.
1
Mwangi M., Mutua1 M.K., et al.
1
Myron L Belfer, Suzan Song
1
N. Chkhartishvili
1
N. Chowdhary, et al.
1
N. Forda
1
N. G. Kiobi, S. N. Nebere, J. K. Karanja
1
N. J. Sagala, S. Sofyani, Supriatmo
1
N. L. Soh
1
N. Petrosillo
1
Nakagaayi, D.
1
Nalbandian, A.
1
Nankinga, O.
1
National AIDS Commission MAlawi
1
National Department of Health, South Africa
1
nature medicine
1
Nauta, M. H.
1
NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information)
1
NdOH South Africa
1
Neil M Ferguson, Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati-Gilani, Natsuko Imai, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, Zulma Cucunubá, Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg, Amy Dighe, Ilaria Dorigatti, Han Fu, Katy Gaythorpe, Will Green, Arran Hamlet, Wes Hinsley, Lucy C Okell, Sabine van Elsland, Hayley Thompson, Robert Verity, Erik Volz, Haowei Wang, Yuanrong Wang, Patrick GT Walker, Caroline Walters, Peter Winskill, Charles Whittaker, Christl A Donnelly, Steven Riley, Azra C Ghani.
1
Neurology Asia
1
Neuron Review
1
Nganou-Gnindjio, C.N.
1
Nkoa, F.C.
1
Noubiap, J.J.
1
Ntusi, N.A.B.
1
Nwe Ni Myint et al.
1
O'Sullivan, B.
1
O. Chokoshvili
1
O. Neyrolles (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologoie Structurale)
1
Obago, Irene T
1
OECD
1
Official Journal of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology
1
Oliveira e Souza, R.
1
Organisation de la Santé Mondiale
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS, et al.
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud (Américas)
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud y Alzheimer’s Disease International
1
Organización Mundial de Saude and OPAS
1
Organización Panamericana de la Salud
1
Organización Panamericana de la Salud OPS
1
Organização Mundial da Saúde (Américas)
1
Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde
1
OVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators
1
O’Neill, J.
1
P. Clayden
1
P. M. Enright, J. Shumake-Guillemot et al.
1
P. O. Zogo2
1
Paediatrica Indonesiana
1
PAHO
1
PAHO (Pan American Health Organization
1
Palanivel, T. , et al.
1
Pan African Medical Journal
1
Pan American Health Organization
1
Pan American Health Organization PAHO, World Health Organization WHO
Smith, K.R., A. Woodward, D. Campbell-Lendrum, D.D. , et al.
1
Smithsonian Science Education Center, et al.
1
Social Science in Humanitarian Action
1
Sociedad Boliviana de Obstetricia y Ginecología
1
Sociedad ecuatoriana de geriatria y gerontologia
1
Sociedad Paraguaya de Infectologia (SPI)
1
Sociedad Venezolana de Salud Pública
1
Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade
1
Societé francaise d'anesthésie et de réanimation SFAR
1
Soumitra Pathare, Michelle Funk, Melvyn Freeman et al.
1
Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
1
Souza Salles, T.
1
SPI
1
Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH
1
Stefan Mauss, et al.
1
Stephen N. Wong, Jane R. Campos, Ian Homer Y. Cua et al.
1
Stevens, Gretchen
1
STRIVE
1
Stroke Alliance for Europe, King's College London
1
Sun, B-X.
1
Szefler, S. J.
1
T. da Encarnação Sá-Guimarães, E. Seam Lima de Alvarenga et al.
1
T. Driscoll
1
T. Fernández Dávil, P. A. Hidalgo Andrade, F. G. Torres Toala et al.
1
T. K. Banerjee
1
T. Tsertsvadze
1
T. Younga and M. Clarke
1
Takarinda, Kudakwashe C., Lydia K. Madyira, Mutsa Mhangara, Victor Makaza, Memory Maphosa, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Peter H. Kilmarx, Tsitsi Mutasa-Apollo, Getrude Ncube, and Anthony D. Harries
1
Taylor Francis Online
1
Temgoua, M.N.
1
Tesfaye K.
1
Teshome H.
1
Tessum, C.
1
The Center For Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy
1
The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP
1
The Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER) Global Cohort Collaboration
1
The DHS Program
1
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC
1
The International Spinal Cord Association
1
The International Textbook of Leprosy
1
The Journal of Headache and Pain
1
The Lancet Regional Health – Americas
1
The Lancet, Planetary Health
1
The ROTA Council
1
The South African Medical Journal
1
Thomas, L.
1
Tilahun Tadesse, B., E. A. Ashley, S. Ongarello et al.
1
Torres, A.
1
Toru Hifumi et al.
1
Tribuna del Investigador
1
Tudorache, E. et al.
1
Turco, J.V. et al.
1
Ugurlu, M.
1
Umbas, R., S. Hardjowijoto, C.A. Mochtar, et al.,
1
UN
1
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO
1
UN Environment Programme
1
UN Women
1
UNAIDS, UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
1
UNESCO
1
UNESCO's International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)
1
UNFPA
1
Unitaid
1
UNITE FOR DIABETES PHILIPPINES
1
United Nations - Environment Management Group (EMG)
1
United Nations Development Programme
1
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
1
United Nations Population Fund UNPF
1
United States Agency for International Development
1
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1
United States of America - Department of State
1
USAID, SIAPS (Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services)
1
V. Fonner
1
V. Künzel and L.Schäfer
1
V. M. Kuehlkamp
1
V.Lemmi
1
Vaartjes, I.C.H.
1
Vaduganathan, M.
1
Vaidyanathan, A.
1
Van Dijck C., Vlieghe E., Cox J.A.
1
Van Katwyk, S. R.
1
van Sebille, E.
1
van Zandwijk, N.
1
Vanham, D.
1
Verhoeven, J.I.
1
Veronese, Vanessa et al.
1
Wagner, U. et al.
1
Wang, H.
1
Wang, H.H.X.
1
Wang, S., N. Hoohlo, I. Tshabalala, K. Ntoi, and T. Sepetla
1
Wang, W., Do, M., Hembling, J. & Ametepi, P.
1
Wang, Wenjuan, Michelle Winner, Clara Burgert, and Josh Colston
1
Wang, X-R.
1
Wang, y.
1
WHO=
1
Winter, Rebecca, Jennifer Yourkavitch, Lindsay Mallick, and Wenjuan Wang
1
Wirtz, Andrea L.
1
Wolters Kluwer Health
1
Worku, Abebaw Gebeyehu, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, and Atinkut Alamirrew Zeleke
1
World Bank Group, and World Health Organization WHO
1
World Federation of Neurology
1
World Food Programme WFP
1
World Health Organisation WHO
1
World Health Organization (Europe)
1
World Health Organization (Pacific Region)
1
World Health Organization (South-East-Asia)
1
World Health Organization (Western Pacific Region)
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1
World Health Organization - Regional Office South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization WHO, et al.
1
World Health Organization WHO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
1
World Health Organization WHO, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Africa
1
World Health Organization)
1
World Health Organization, Imperial College London
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1
World Health Organization, TB HIV working group, Stop TB Partnership
1
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Office
1
World Psychiatric Association
1
Xiaoxu Wu, Yongmei Lu, Sen Zhou et al.
1
Xu K., Soucat A., Kutzin J., et al.
1
Y. M. F. Moreno
1
Y. Takashima
1
Y. Yu
1
Y. Zhang
1
Y.-H. Jin
1
Yan I.
1
Yaria, J.
1
Ye, X.
1
Yebyo, Henock G., Mussie A. Gebreselassie, and Alemayehu B. Kahsay
1
Yimer, G. et al.
1
Yolaine Glèlè-Ahanhanzo, Alphonse Kpozèhouen, Noël Moussiliou Paraïso, Patrick Makoutodé, Chabi O. Alphonse Biaou, Eric Remacle, Edgard-Marius Ouendo, Alain Levêque
1
Yuen K. Y.
1
Yuyun, M.F.
1
Z.-S. Cheng
1
Zaidel, E.J.
1
Zamani's Lab, R. et al.
1
Zayeri, F.
1
Zerbini E. De Sandro j., et al.
1
Zhang, H-X.
1
Zhang, Y.
1
Zhao,Q.
1
Zida, A.
1
Zipper, S.
1
Zoila Caridad Moros, Ferdinando Liprandi, Flor Helene Pujol
1
Zulema Torres G., Victoria Pickett S. et al
1
Zulianlly Rojas, Saylee Ochoa, Román Millán, et al.
1
А. А. Шульдяков, Ю. Б. Барыльник, Е. П. Ляпина et al.
1
Александрович Ю.С., Алексеева Е.И., Бакрадзе М.Д., et al.
1
Анджела Ми, Тибо ле Пишон, Коэн Буссинк e tal.
1
Артымук Н. В., Баев О. Р., Белокриницкая Т. Е. et al.
1
В.Ф. Беженарь, Э.К. Айламазян, И.Е. Зазерская et al.
1
Васильева Лидия Львовна
1
ВОЗ и Международная организация по проблемам болезни Альцгеймера
1
Всемирная Организация Здравоохранения - Европейское региональное бюро
1
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (Eвропейское)
1
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (Европа)
1
Г. Е. Иванова, И. Н. Баландина, Т. Т. Батышева et al.
1
Департамент здравоохранения города Москвы
1
Е.А. Катунина, Ю.Н. Бездольный
1
Е.Л. Никонов, С.В. Кашин,Р.О. Куваев, et al.
1
Камкин Евгений Геннадьевич, Костенко Наталья Алексеевна et. al.
1
Организация Объединенных Наций, UNODC
1
Российский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Кафедра неврологии и нейрохирургии лечебного факультета д.м.н., доцент Е.А. Катунина, к.м.н. Ю.Н. Бездольный
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(12), 2626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122626
Climate change is increasing risks to human health and to the health systems that seek to protect the safety and well-being of populations. Health authorities require information about current associatio...ns between health outcomes and weather or climate, vulnerable populations, projections of future risks and adaptation opportunities in order to reduce exposures, empower individuals to take needed protective actions and build climate-resilient health systems. An increasing number of health authorities from local to national levels seek this information by conducting climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments. While assessments can provide valuable information to plan for climate change impacts, the results of many studies are not helping to build the global evidence-base of knowledge in this area. They are also often not integrated into adaptation decision making, sometimes because the health sector is not involved in climate change policy making processes at the national level. Significant barriers related to data accessibility, a limited number of climate and health models, uncertainty in climate projections, and a lack of funding and expertise, particularly in developing countries, challenge health authority efforts to conduct rigorous assessments and apply the findings. This paper examines the evolution of climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including guidance developed for such projects, the number of assessments that have been conducted globally and implementation of the findings to support health adaptation action. Greater capacity building that facilitates assessments from local to national scales will support collaborative efforts to protect health from current climate hazards and future climate change. Health sector officials will benefit from additional resources and partnership opportunities to ensure that evidence about climate change impacts on health is effectively translated into needed actions to build health resilience.more
In the light of the transmissibility of coronaviruses, and the global experience with MERS-CoV (ongoing) and SARS in 2003 which were also caused by coronaviruses, South African authorities have compiled this guideline document to support surveillance, case finding, diagnosis, management and public h...ealth responses to cases under investigation.
*Please note*
The interim guidelines are based on what is currently known about the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The National Department of Health (NDOH) and National Institute for Communicable Diseases will update these interim guidelines as needed and as additional information becomes available.more
Screening programmes for tuberculosis (TB) among immigrants rarely consider the heterogeneity of
risk related to migrants’ country of origin. We assess the performance of a large screening programme in asylum seekers by analysing (i) the difference in yield and numbers needed to screen (NNS) by c...ountry and WHO-reported TB burden, (ii) the possible impact of screening thresholds on sensitivity, and (iii) the value of WHO-estimated TB burden to improve the prediction accuracy of screening yield.more
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413339
The climate crisis threatens to exacerbate numerous climate-sensitive health risks, including heatwave mortality, malnutrition from reduced crop yields, water- and vector-borne infectious diseases, and... respiratory illness from smog, ozone, allergenic pollen, and wildfires. Recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stress the urgent need for action to mitigate climate change, underscoring the need for more scientific assessment of the benefits of climate action for health and wellbeing.more
This document aims to provide interim guidance for microbiology and virology experts, other laboratory professionals, laboratory managers, infectious disease programme managers, public health professionals and other stakeholders that provide primary, confirmatory or advanced testing for SARS-CoV-2, ...including genomic sequencing, or are involved in making decisions on establishing or scaling up capability and capacity to detect and characterize circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.more
Climate change is already having severe impacts across our planet, bringing new and previously unimaginable challenges to the people least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.
This report, the first we’ve released jointly in the history of our organizations, provides a sobering review of h...ow just one of those challenges – the increase in deadly heat-waves – threatens to drive new emergency needs in the not-so-distant future.more
The recommendations cover the level of blood pressure to start medication, what type of medicine or combination of medicines to use, the target blood pressure level, and how often to have follow-up checks on blood pressure. In addition, the guideline provides the basis for how physicians and other h...ealth workers can contribute to improving hypertension detection and management.more
Parasites & Vectors volume 15, Article number: 389 (2022)
Dengue is one of the common arboviral infections and is a public health problem in South East Asia. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of dengue in SAARC (South Asian Associ...ation for Regional Cooperation) countries.more
This document, Programme and curriculum development guide, presents a systematic approach to developing programmes and curricula for implementation of the family planning (FP) and comprehensive abortion care (CAC) competencies,and the theory behind the approach. Specifically, the aim is for effectiv...e implementation of these competencies in the context of pre-service education and training, post-graduate studies and continuing professional development (CPD). This guide is designed for programme and curriculum developers who are preparing or revising formal education and training programmes and curricula for the FP and CAC workforce.
This guide proposes a new FP and CAC Educational Design Model for programme and curriculum development. This model can support competency-based education (CBE) for current and future FP and CAC services, with a pre-service training pathway of at least 12 months, and can also support in-service training. CBE provides the most effective means to orient educational programmes and curricula towards effective health services that meet population health needs, and this Educational Design Model provides a guide for linking the competencies required to provide a range of health servicesmore
The Practical manual on laboratory strengthening, 2022 update provides practical guidance on implementation of WHO recommendations and best practices for TB laboratory strengthening. It is an updated version of the GLI Practical Guide to Laboratory Strengthening published in 2017 and provides the la...test practical guidance on use of newly recommended diagnostics as well as guidance in key technical areas, including quality assurance and quality management systems, specimen collection and registration, procurement and supply-chain management, diagnostic connectivity, biosafety, data management, human resources, strategic planning, and model algorithms. The key changes are:
inclusion of recent or updated WHO recommendations for tests to diagnose TB and detect drug resistance;
alignment with the latest WHO critical concentrations for phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing (DST) and the new definitions of pre-XDR-TB and XDR-TB;
updated information on building quality-assured TB testing and management capacity using the Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) approach (Score-TB package1);
updated information on assessing, analysing and optimising TB diagnostic networks; and
updated information on the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect mutations associated with drug resistance for surveillance purposes.
The document also provides references to resources and tools relevant for work on laboratory strengthening.more
Lockwod DN.The International Textbook of Leprosy
(2018)
CC
This chapter discusses the antibacterial treatment of leprosy infections. Antibiotic treatment is
a key component of leprosy treatment, as it is vital to prevent the progression of the infection.
Treatment with rifampin and other antibiotics is highly effective and cures 98% of patients with
the ...leprosy infection. Furthermore, the relapse rate is very low, at about 1% over 5–10 years.
There is little M. leprae drug resistance in leprosy and few reports of multi-drug resistance (1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8). An antibiotic treatment may take months or years to produce clinical improvement,
especially in patients with an initial high bacterial index (BI).more
Schistosomiasis is a helminthic infection and one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). It is caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is an important public health problem, particularly in poverty-stricken areas, especially those within the tropics and subtropics. It is estimated th...at at least 236 million people worldwide are infected, 90% of them in sub-Saharan Africa, and that this disease causes approximately 300,000 deaths annually. The clinical manifestations are varied and affect practically all organs. There are substantial differences in the clinical presentation, depending on the phase and clinical form of schistosomiasis in which it occurs. Schistosomiasis can remain undiagnosed for a long period of time, with secondary clinical lesion. Here, we review the clinical profile of schistosomiasis. This information may aid in the development of more efficacious treatments and improved disease prognosis.more
Le syndrome respiratoire aigu provoqué par le coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), initialement décrit en Chine, est responsable
de la pandémie que nous connaissons actuellement sous le nom de coronavirus disease 2019 ou COVID-19. L'épidémie de
coronavirus a été déclarée « urgence de santé publi...que mondiale » par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) le 30 janvier 2020 . L'Afrique a été atteinte plus tard que les autres continents, mais à la date du 3 mai, tous les pays africains
avaient notifié au moins un cas. À la date du 09 juin 2020, l'Afrique comptait près de 200 000 cas confirmés, plus de
5000 décès, avec 25 pays ayant plus de 1000 cas actifs. Les patients atteints par ce virus peuvent développer des symptômes allant jusqu'à l'insuffisance respiratoire aiguë sévèremore
Rabies has an enormous impact on both agriculture and conservation biology, but its greatest burden is undeniably on public health. As such, routine methods for rapid risk assessment after human exposures to rabies as well as applications for laboratory-based surveillance, production of biologicals ...and management of this infectious disease are critical. Given its mandate to improve human health and control disease among its Member States, WHO has led the production of this fifth edition of Laboratory techniques in rabies.more
In 2014, an estimated 40 million women of reproductive age were infected with Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum and/or S. mansoni. In both 2003 and 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that all schistosome-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women be offered treatment, with praz...iquantel, either individually or during treatment campaigns. In 2006, WHO also stated the need for randomized controlled trials to assess the safety and efficacy of such treatment. Some countries have yet to follow the recommendation on treatment and many programme managers and pregnant women in other countries remain reluctant to follow the recommended approach.more
The WHO Living guideline: Drugs to prevent COVID-19 contains the Organization’s most up-to-date recommendations for the use of drugs to prevent COVID-19. The latest version of this living guideline is available in pdf format (via the ‘Download’ button) and via an online platform.
Guidelines ...regarding the use of drugs to treat (rather than prevent) COVID-19 are included in a separate WHO document, Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline, that can via an online platform and in pdf format (or click ‘PDF’ in top right corner of online platform). Guidelines regarding the clinical management of COVID-19 patients are included in a further document, COVID-19 Clinical management: Living guideline, that can be accessed via an online platform and in pdf format (or click ‘PDF’ in top right corner of online platform).more
As a high-burden neglected tropical disease, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a major problem in the world, especially among children under five years of age. Since young children are at high risk of being infected, STH infection can have a long-term negative impact on their life, i...ncluding impaired growth and development. Stunting, a form of malnutrition in young children, has been long assumed as one of the risk factors in acquiring the STH infections. However, the studies on STH infection in children under five with stunting have been lacking, resulting in poor identification of the risk. Accordingly, we collected and reviewed existing related research articles to provide an overview of STH infection in a susceptible population of stunted children under five years of age in terms of prevalence and risk factors. There were 17 studies included in this review related to infection with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis from various countries. The prevalence of STH infection in stunted children ranged from 12.5% to 56.5%. Increased inflammatory markers and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis might have increased the intensity of STH infection in stunted children that caused impairment in the immune system. While the age from 2 to 5 years along with poor hygiene and sanitation has shown to be the most common risk factors of STH infections in stunted children; currently there are no studies that show direct results of stunting as a risk factor for STH infection. While stunting itself may affect the pathogenesis of STH infection, further research on stunting as a risk factor for STH infection is encouraged.more