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Toolboxes
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As the world recovers from the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic and reflects on lessons learnt from failure of global public health systems to contain the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, new infectious ... more
This guidance note is for UNICEF Regional and Country Office WASH staff to help them in their preparedness and response to the current COVID-19 global pandemic. It provides an overview of Infection ... more
This short paper aims to identify key evidence gaps in our knowledge of livestock- and fisheries-linked antimicrobial resistance in the developing world, and to document on-going or planned research ... more
It is targeted towards humanitarian settings and aims to complement other guidance on the management of the dead with a stronger focus on the practical realities faced when dealing with the dead in humanitarian settings. The guidance offers practica ... more
The greatest risk to persons engaging in international medical emergency response is poor preparation. The In Control handbook hopes to provide a remedy. At the time of writing, we are living through the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, a health ... more
Sectors in which Priority Adaptation Projects should be implemented first include:
- 1) Agriculture, Early Warning Systems and Forest (First Priority Level Sectors). This is followed by:
- 2) Public ... more
The article "Asthma in South African adolescents: a time trend and risk factor analysis over two decades" investigates the prevalence and risk factors for asthma in Cape Town adolescents from 2002 t ... more
The report showed commitments made three decades ago to protect the rights of children remain unfulfilled for millions. Violence still affects countless children. Discrimination based on age, gender, disability, sexual orientation and religion harms ... more
Reports of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) microorganisms are increasing globally, threatening to render existing treatments ineffective against many infectious diseases. In Africa, AMR has already been documented to be a problem for human immunodefic ... more
In 1998 the Swedish Veterinary Association decided to adopt a general policy for the use of antibiotics in animals. Since then specifi c policies for the use of antibiotics in dogs and cats have been adopted ... more
Cholera is a transmissible diarrhoeal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. Endemic and/or epidemic in over 40 countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), cholera continues to be a major global public ... more
Little is known about asthma control in the rising number of African children who suffer from this condition. The Achieving Control of Asthma in Children in Africa (ACACIA) study is an observational study collecting evidence about paediatric asthma in urban areas of Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, South Afr ... more
Large-Scale UN Response Needed to Address Health and Food Crises This report is based on interviews with more than 150 health care professionals, ... more
Prepared for the Stunting Prevention and Reduction Project - The project Medical Waste Management Plan’s (MWMP) overall objective is to prevent and/or mitigate the negative effects of increased ge ... more
Prescriptions and Actionables for a Healthy and Green Recovery. The practical steps outlined in this report aim at creating a healthier, fairer and ... more
Despite some improvements, current levels of air pollution still pose a considerable risk to the environment and to human health in the WHO Europea ... more
Energy use in the home is a vital and ubiquitous feature of human society. Energy is used for a wide variety of purposes, including cooking, space heating, light- ing, small-scale income generatio ... more
The report examines how people with mental health conditions are often shackled by families in their own homes or in overcrowded and unsanitary institutions, against their will, due to widespread st ... more
This MHPSS in Emergencies training aims to prepare MHPSS responders, disaster managers, and emergency team leaders for work in the field by building understanding of basic concepts of MHPSS in emergencies as well as planning ... more
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern and a food safety issue. When pathogens become resistant to antimicrobial agents they can pose a greater ... more
Abstract-The paper precisely and briefly explains the socio-economic challenges of persons with disabilities with focus on Ethiopia. The findings of the paper also indicates that, across the countries persons with disabilities have po ... more
People affected by impairments and disabilities associated with TB are even more likely to belong to marginalized segments of society and are more likely to have their ... more
Smallpox eradication was certified in 1980. Mpox has been endemic in Central and West African countries since it was first detected in 1958 . It is a zoonosis; cases are often found close to tropical rainforests where various animals carry the ortho ... more
Health care waste can be difficult to treat and dispose of safely. The environmental and ... more
This document has been prepared based on the evidence currently available about Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission (human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets or direct cont ... more
Enabling young children to achieve their full developmental potential is a human right and an essential requisite for sustainable development. Given the critical importance of enabling children to m ... more
A role for nuclear techniques Antimicrobials play a critical role in the treatment of human and animal (aquatic and terrestrial) diseases, which h ... more
These guidelines present evidence-based recommendations and best practice statements on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, based on the WHO list of critically important antimicrobials for ... more
Epidemics of infectious diseases are occurring more often, and spreading faster and further than ever, in many different regions of the world. The background factors of this threat are biological, ... more
This toolkit for integrated vector management (IVM) is designed to help national and regional programme managers coordinate across sectors to design and run large IVM programmes.
The toolkit pr ... more
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health concern and Lebanon is of no exception to this issue. The spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is considered an alarming public ... more
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious public health concern with economic, social and political implications that are global in scope, a ... more

The Greenmark Standard for Green Buildings

Otieno, N. Green Africa Foundation; Ministry of Health Kenya, et al. (2019) CC
The Government recognizes the critical role of the built environment in addressing climate change and environmental degradation. To this end, it has identified ... more
This publication articulates the WHO Botswana Country Office’s focus and investment needs for the biennium 2022–2023, building on achievements, networks, and partnerships fostered in 2020-2021. ... more
It outlines key achievements, needs and opportunities for intervention in the field of rehabilitation in Ukraine. The content of this document is a snapshot in time – not an in-depth analysis of the entire rehabilitation sector. The analysis focus ... more
Taenia saginata is a zoonotic tapeworm that is of economic importance in countries where cattle are kept. The parasite is transmitted from human tapeworm carriers (taeniosis) to bovines (cysticercosis) by excretion of eggs or proglottids containing ... more
This booklet presents key messages for action, summarized from a set of chapters on different environmental health issues, available at www.who.int/ ceh/publications/healthyenvironmentsforhealthychi ... more
Member States have requested WHO policy guidance on how to facilitate the implementation of national AMS activities in an integrated and programmatic approach. This policy guidance responds to that demand from Member States ... more
The ethical governance of research assumes the existence of a national entity (or subnational if applicable, according to the constitution of a country) in charge of supervising the research ethics committees (RECs) that review and monitor research ... more
Contact tracing is a key element of WHO’s recommended approach to control the spread of COVID-19 by breaking the chains of human-to-human transmission. This document provides guidance to ... more
Viral hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver cells due to viral infection. The burden of liver disease in South Africa is mostly underestimated as viral hepatitis, in particular chronic infection, is a silent and neglected cause of morbid ... more
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with epidemic potential, especially after a heavy rainfall, caused by a bacterium called Leptospira. Leptospira interrogans is pathogenic to humans and animals, with more than 200 serologic variants or serovars. ... more
Safe sanitation is essential for health, from preventing infections to improving and maintaining mental and social well-being. Lack of adequate sa ... more
Notable progress has also been made on other key health indicators such as reducing maternal, infant and child deaths and malnutrition, increasing ... more
The main objective of this mission was to assess the level of preparedness of Guinea-Bissau in respect of the WHO consolidated checklist. The checklist helps countries to assess and test their level of readiness it is being used to identify concrete ... more
Terminology used to describe the transmission of pathogens through the air varies across scientific disciplines, organizations and the general public. While this has been the case for decades, during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the ... more
Developmental disabilities are common. Yet, children with developmental disabilities have been neglected in health systems planning and policy provisions for ... more
This interim guidance is aimed at healthcare workers who may receive patients exposed to chemical weapons at their healthcare facilities. It provides questions to guide the identification of contaminated patients, recommendations on personal protection, procedures for decontamin ... more
This is a pre-deployment training, tailored specially to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, offered to WHO personnel, consultants, and key partners. The material covered in modules 1-4 is applicable and ... more
The manual has been designed in a comprehensive manner, the aim being to provide a holistic approach to the short-term development of human resources, with a focus on primary care physicians. This is a reference manual meant for primary care physici ... more

Air quality index annual update

Greenstone, M.; C. Hasenkopf and K. Lee University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute (2022) C1
During the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, the world’s economy slowed. Yet, the global annual average particulate pollution (PM2.5) was largely unchanged from 2019 levels. At the same time, growing evidence shows air pollution—even when experienced at very low levels—hurts ... more

Green Nutrition

Camp, O.; Remans, R.; Colston, J. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition gain (GAIN) (2023) CC
The document emphasizes integrating environmental considerations into nutrition programs. It introduces a screening tool piloted across ten projects to identify environmental risks ... more
Infectious diseases cause over one billion human infections per year, with millions of deaths each year globally. Extensive health and financial bu ... more
BioMed Central; BMC International Health and Human Rights (2016) 16:20; DOI 10.1186/s12914-016-0094-y
The Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) fulfills that mandate in two volumes. This report, Volume II, draws on the foundational science described in Volume I, the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR).2 Volume II focuses on the human welfare, ... more
Food and nutrition security in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is subject to the relentless impact of conflict, epidemics and climate events that have persisted in the country for decades, furt ... more
High prices, hard-to-access human insulin, few insulin producers, and weak health systems are just some of the barriers that people with diabetes f ... more
Zambia has recognised the Public Health threat of antimicrobial resistance and its impact on morbidity and mortality, as well as the subsequent eco ... more
The Lancet Planetary Health Volume 6, ISSUE 4, e342-e349, April 01, 2022. Human impacts on earth-system processes are overshooting several planetary boundaries, driving a crisis of ecological break ... more
At a time when the world is reeling from the deepest global disruption and health crisis of a lifetime, this year’s Living Planet report provides unequivocal ... more
Drugs and medical supplies are dispensed at the cutting edge level of the interface between the public health system and the people. Availability o ... more
Environmental Research Volume 151, November 2016, Pages 115-123 Dengue is the world’s most important arboviral disease in terms of number of people affected. Over the past 50 years, incidence increased 30-fold: there were approximately 390 millio ... more
The Lancet Planetary Health Volume 5, ISSUE 7, e466-e478, July 01, 2021 Transmission of many infectious diseases depends on interactions between humans, animals, and the environment. Incorporating ... more
This third edition of the National Gender Statistics Report provides the updated sex-disaggregated data in twelve fields: Population and Youth; Education; Health ... more
Young people living in the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau are the most at risk of the impacts of climate change, threatening their health, education, ... more
The present National action plan on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with component of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) covering both human and agriculture sectors was developed based on the World ... more
Issue Brief 31: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can occur when viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi change over time. There is no longer a response to medicines, and the infection treatment gets re ... more
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children, imposing a consistent burden on health system. In recent years, prevalence of asthma symptoms became globally increased in children and adolesc ... more
Cholera which disproportionally impacts poor countries and the most vulnerable continues to affect at least 47 countries across the globe, resulting in an estimated 1.3 – 4 million cases, and 21,0 ... more
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the ability of microorganisms to resist antimicrobial treatments, especially antibiotics – has a direct impact on human and animal ... more
Snakebite envenoming constitutes a serious medical condition that primarily affects residents of rural communities in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and New Guinea. It is an occupational, environmental ... more
The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (CARB), 2020-2025, presents coordinated, strategic actions that the United States Government will take in the next five years to improve the health ... more
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks: (i) Understanding disaster r ... more
Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) organisms are increasing globally, threatening to render existing treatments ineffective against many infectious diseases. In Africa, AMR has already been documented to be a problem for HIV and the pathogens that cause ... more
Ocean plastic pollution has reached crisis level: every minute, more than an entire garbage truck of plastic makes its way into the world’s oceans—roughly 11 million metric tons annually. While plastic waste presents an immediate threat to marine wildlife ... more
Slavery on fishing vessels, degradation of ecosystems, overfishing, debt bondage, human trafficking and child labour in peeling sheds – the scandals surrounding the Thai fishery ... more
Identifying and quantifying planetary boundaries that must not be transgressed could help prevent human activities from causing unacceptable environmenta ... more
The world agreed to achieve 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Nine planetary boundaries set an upper limit to Earth system impacts of human activity in the long run. Conventional efforts to achieve the 14 socio-economic goals will raise pres ... more
There is paucity of data on the burden and specific drivers operative in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the African setting and populations. Lack of awareness ... more
The Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) fulfills that mandate in two volumes. This report, Volume II, draws on the foundational science described in Volume I, the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR).2 Volume II focuses on the human welfare, ... more
The "WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care" provides a set of cost-effective, evidence-based interventions to address noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, c ... more
The State of the Climate in Asia 2021 report highlighted how climate change impacts are wreaking an ever-increasing human, financial and environmental ... more
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) launched a new Framework for Environmental and Social Management (FESM) to ensure ... more
Recently, a renewed interest in large-scale community health worker (CHW) programs has been seen globally. This renewal provides an opportune moment to take stock of issues and challenges such progr ... more
Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing humanity, and health professionals worldwide are already responding to the ... more
Each humanitarian setting provides distinct opportunities and challenges for actors to coordinate and collaborate at strategic and operational leve ... more
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(23), 8849; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238849 The aim of building climate resilient and environmentally sustainable ... more
Extreme heat events (EHEs) are a leading cause of weather-related injury and death in the United States, and under a changing climate, these meteorological episodes are predicted to increase in both ... more
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jun; 15(6): 1279. Published online 2018 Jun 16. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061279

El Niño and Health

R Sari Kovats et al. World Health Organization (1999) C_WHO
Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e271–79
The domestic regulation of public health emergencies (PHEs) is inextricably linked to the regulation of other types of disaster. PHEs are usually governed at least partly by general disaster and eme ... more
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2019 Jun; 222(5): 765–777. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.004; To develop updated estimates in response to new exposure and exposure-response data of the burden of diarr ... more
The extensive use of natural resources threatens to exceed the carrying capacity of the Earth. The concept of a circular economy offers an avenue to sustainable growth, good health and decent jobs, ... more
This Strategy and Plan of Action on Health Promotion within the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals 2019-2030 seeks to renew health promo ... more
This concept report was prepared by Faith for Earth Initiative in support of the efforts of the Government of Iceland to put forth a new resolution during UNEA 5.2 1