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Salwa S. et al - Leishmaniasis

Salwa, S.; Amaar, A.; Baraa, A. et al (2020) C2

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne tropical/subtropical disease caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by sand fly bite. It is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide reports include 1.5–2 mil... more

Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis: report of a WHO Expert Committee

World Health Organization WHO (2013) C_WHO

The previous report of the WHO Expert Committee on this disease followed a meeting in 1995. Intensive, coordinated efforts against HAT during the intervening 18 years have resulted in a decrease in incidence to a point at which elimination is ... more

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Update of the WHO recommendations for vaccination against COVID-19 - Infographic

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

The updates are based on evidence emerging from the: Ongoing monitoring of the disease. Protection that the population already developed against COVID-19 through previous infection or vaccination. Epidemiological situation, availability of diagnosti... more

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Access to Heart Failure Medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Analysis of Essential Medicines Lists, Availability, Price, and Affordability

Agarwal, A.; Husain, M.J.; Datta, B. et al. Circulation: Heart Failure (2022) CC

Heart failure (HF) is a leading global public health problem with >64 million prevalent cases globally. Patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) from low- and middle-income countries experience a 22% to 58% higher 1-year mortality rate than those in high-income countries.1 Guideline-d... more

What is Addicition?

UCLA Brain Research Institute (2021) CC

The pamphlet "What is Addiction" explains addiction as a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It highlights the dangers of different drug categories, including sedatives, st... more

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Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Committee Policy paper for the 2014-2019 term

Erica Balligand, Michiel Costers and Evelyne Van Gastel Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Committee (2014) C2

Antimicrobial resistance represents a big threat to public health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that every year two million Americans are infected with a (multi-)drug resistant bacterium, resulting in 23,000 deaths. ... more

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WHO Regional Office for Europe advice on the use of experimental medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 patients

World Health Organization (Europe) (2020) C_WHO

9 April 2020 WHO has published the guidance “Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected” This document is intended for clinicians taking care of hospitalized adult and paediatric patients... more

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WHO interim guidelines for the treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

This document focuses on the management of patients affected by gambiense HAT and constitutes an update to the WHO therapeutic guidance issued in 2013. The main changes in recommendations concern the criteria and methods for deciding the treatment ... more

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Current Treatments to Control African Trypanosomiasis and One Health Perspective

Venturelli, A.; Tagliazucchi, L.; Lima, C.; Venuti, F. et al. MDPI Microorganisms (2022) CC

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness) and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) are neglected tropical diseases generally caused by the same etiological agent, Trypanosoma brucei. Despite important advances in the reduction or disapp... more

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National Guidelines for the Management of Viral Hepatitis

Spearman, CWN; MW Sonderup, Y Pillay et al. National Department of Health South Africa (2020) CC

Viral hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver cells due to viral infection. The burden of liver disease in South Africa is mostly underestimated as viral hepatitis, in particular chronic infection, is a silent and neglected cause of morbid... more

National Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria - 2019

South African Malaria Elimination Committee (SAMC) National Department of Health South Africa (2019) CC

These guidelines are based on the 3rd Edition of the WHO Guidelines (Published 2015) World Health Organization’s Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Additional literature surveys have been undertaken. Factors that were considered in the choice of th...eutic options included effectiveness, safety, and impact on malaria transmission and on the emergence and spread of antimalarial drug resistance. On-going surveillance is critical given the spread of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia, although not yet confirmed anywhere in Africa. The guidelines on the treatment of malaria in South Africa aim to facilitate effective, appropriate and timeous treatment of malaria, thereby reducing the burden of this disease in our communities. This is essential to further reduce the malaria case fatality rates currently recorded in South Africa, to decrease malaria transmission and to limit resistance to antimalarial drugs. more

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History, epidemiology and diagnostics of dengue in the American and Brazilian contexts: a review

Souza Salles, T.; T. da Encarnação Sá-Guimarães, E. Seam Lima de Alvarenga et al. (2018) CC

Parasites & Vectors volume 11, Article number: 264 (2018) Dengue creates a staggering epidemiological and economic burden for endemic countries. Without a specific therapy and with a commercial vaccine that presents some problems relative to it... more

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Chikungunya virus: A general overview

Galán-Huerta K.A., Rivas-Estilla A.M., Fernández-Salas I. et al (2015) C2

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito borne alphavirus responsible for the recent outbreak in the Americas. Immunologically naïve population in the Americas favors the spread of epidemics. Chikungunya fever is characterized by an abrupt febrile illness, polyarthralgia and maculopapul... more

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Therapeutics and COVID-19 (Living Guideline, 10 November 2023)

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO

WHO has updated its guidelines for COVID-19 therapeutics, with revised recommendations for patients with non-severe COVID-19. This is the 13th update to these guidelines. Updated risk rates for hospital admission in patients with non-severe COVID...-19 The guidance includes updated risk rates for hospital admission in patients with non-severe COVID-19. The current COVID-19 virus variants tend to cause less severe disease while immunity levels are higher due to vaccination, leading to lower risks of severe illness and death for most patients. This update includes new baseline risk estimates for hospital admission in patients with non-severe COVID-19. The new ‘moderate risk’ category now includes people previously considered to be high risk including older people and/or those with chronic conditions, disabilities, and comorbidities of chronic disease. The updated risk estimates will assist healthcare professionals to identify individuals at high, moderate or low risk of hospital admission, and to tailor treatment according to WHO guidelines: **High: **People who are immunosuppressed remain at higher risk if they contract COVID-19, with an estimated hospitalization rate of 6%. **Moderate: **People over 65 years old, those with conditions like obesity, diabetes and/or chronic conditions including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney or liver disease, cancer, people with disabilities and those with comorbidities of chronic disease are at moderate risk, with an estimated hospitalization rate of 3%. Low: Those who are not in the high or moderate risk categories are at low risk of hospitalization (0.5%). Most people are low risk. Review of COVID-19 treatments for people with non-severe COVID-19 WHO continues to strongly recommend nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (also known by its brand name ‘Paxlovid’) for people at high-risk and moderate risk of hospitalization. The recommendations state that nirmatrelvir-ritonavir is considered the best choice for most eligible patients, given its therapeutic benefits, ease of administration and fewer concerns about potential harms. Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir was first recommended by WHO in April 2022. If nirmatrelvir-ritonavir is not available to patients at high-risk of hospitalization, WHO suggests the use of molnupiravir or remdesivir instead. WHO suggests against the use of molnupiravir and remdesivir for patients at moderate risk, judging the potential harms to outweigh the limited benefits in patients at moderate risk of hospital admission. For people at low risk of hospitalization, WHO does not recommend any antiviral therapy. Symptoms like fever and pain can continue to be managed with analgesics like paracetamol. WHO also recommends against use of a new antiviral (VV116) for patients, except in clinical trials. The update also includes a strong recommendation against the use of ivermectin for patients with non-severe COVID-19. WHO continues to advise that in patients with severe or critical COVID-19, ivermectin should only be used in clinical trials. more

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Hepatitis B (chronic): Diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B in children, young people and adults

Aftab Ala, Elizabeth Boxall, Steven Bradley et al. National Clinical Guideline Centre (2013)

Clinical guideline, Methods, Evidence and Recommendations In this guideline the following is covered: information needs of people with chronic hep titis B and their carers; where children, young people and adults with chronic hepatitis B a- should be assessed; assessment of liver ..., including the use of non-invasive tests and genotype testing; criteria for offering antiviral treatment; the efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness of currently available treatments; selection of first-line therapy; management of treatment failure or drug resistance; prophylactic treatment during im- munosuppressive therapy; and monitoring for treatment response more

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Knowledge, attitude and practices towards visceral leishmaniasis among HIV patients: A cross-sectional study from Bihar, India

Devipriya, J.; Gupta, A.; Veeri, B. et al. PLOS One (2021) CC

In the Indian state of Bihar, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health issue that has been aggravated by the rising incidence of new Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. In endemic areas, the risk of VL infections in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) is higher. It is important t... more

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Curbing Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animal Production

Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future (2016) C2

Antimicrobials are widely used in food animal production, and use is rapidly increasing. In an era of growing demand for animal products, there is an increasing trend towards the industrial production of food animals, especially in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs). One hallmark of this me... more

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Access to Medications for Cardiovascular Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Wirtz, V.J.; Kaplan, W.A.; Kwan, G.F. Circulation (2016) CC

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the highest burden of disease globally. Medicines are a critical intervention used to prevent and treat CVD. This review describes access to medication for CV... more

Can we prevent cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries?

Lenfant, C. Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2001) C_WHO

The article "Can we prevent cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries?" by Claude Lenfant discusses the growing threat of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing countries. It... more

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Uptake of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy among Under-Five Children: TB Contact Investigation as an Entry Point

Y. Tadesse, N. Gebre, S. Daba, et al. PLOS One (2016) CC

PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155525 May 19, 2016, 1 / 11