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Screening for cardiovascular disease risk and subsequent management in low and middle income countries: challenges and opportunities

Bovet, P.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. et al. Public Health Reviews (2015) CC

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly heart attack and stroke, is the leading cause of premature mortality in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD is an important strategy to prevent and control CVD, in addition to multisector ... al population-based interventions to reduce CVD risk factors in the entire population. Methods: We describe key public health considerations in identifying and managing individuals at high risk of CVD in LMICs. Results: A main objective of any strategy to identify individuals at high CVD risk is to maximize the number of CVD events averted while minimizing the numbers of individuals needing treatment. Scores estimating the total risk of CVD (e.g. ten-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD) are available for LMICs, and are based on the main CVD risk factors (history of CVD, age, sex, tobacco use, blood pressure, blood cholesterol and diabetes status). Opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors enables identification of persons with high CVD risk, but this strategy can be widely applied in low resource settings only if cost effective interventions are used (e.g. the WHO Package of Essential NCD interventions for primary health care in low resource settings package) and if treatment (generally for years) can be sustained, including continued availability ofaffordable medications and funding mechanisms that allow people to purchase medications without impoverishing them (e.g. universal access to health care). Thisalso emphasises the need to re-orient health systems in LMICs towards chronic diseases management. Conclusion: The large burden of CVD in LMICs and the fact that persons with high CVD can be identified and managed along cost-effective interventions mean that health systems need to be structured in a way that encourages patient registration, opportunistic screening of CVD risk factors, efficient procedures for the management of chronic conditions (e.g. task sharing) and provision of affordable treatment for those with high CVD risk. The focus needs to be in primary care because that is where most of the population can access health care and because CVD programmes can be run effectively at this level. more

Developing Anaesthesia Textbook
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GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS CLINICAL PROTOCOLS & TREATMENT GUIDELINES

MINISTRY OF HEALTH, Rwanda (2012)

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Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2012)

Standard treatment Guideline for Primary Hospital
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Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (2014) C_WHO

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South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2003

Dept. of Health, Republic of South Africa (2007) C1

Philippines: Mabuhayka Pusong Pinay! Assessment and mangement of cardiovascular risks in women

Philippine Heart Association, Counsil on Women's Cardiovascular Health (2005) C1

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Philippine ICD-10 Modification Second Edition
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AGNES B. SEGARRA, LEA MYLENE R. REBANAL, FE A. SINSON et al. Department of Health (DOH), Phil Health (2014) C1

Global report on psoriasis

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

Psoriasis, which can involve the skin, nails and joints, is a chronic, painful, disfiguring and disabling noncommunicable disease (NCD) for which there is no cure. It negatively impacts on quality of life. Some of those who suffer from the disease develop chronic, inflammatory arthritis (psoriatic a ... more

Training Manual on ICD10 for doctors, nurses and statisticians

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (2013) C1

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Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia Contents (2014) C1

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Prevalencia de glicemia alterada en ayuno en individuos adultos de Ciudad Bolívar - Venezuela

Mercedes M. Maicán V., Ángel Granado, Jesús Cedeño, et al. Diabetes Internacional, Universidad Central de Venezuela (2016) C1

Punto de corte óptimo para insulina plasmática en la población adulta del municipio San Cristóbal del estado Táchira, Venezuela

Zulianlly Rojas, Saylee Ochoa, Román Millán, et al. Diabetes Internacional (2016) C1

Epilepsy in the Western Pacific Region - A call to action

World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) C_WHO

Global Campaign Against Epilepsy

Rwanda: GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS CLINICAL PROTOCOLS & TREATMENT GUIDELINES

Ministry of Health, Rwanda (2012) C2

The guidelines presented in this document are designed to provide a useful resource for healthcare professionals involved in clinical case management. They were developed taking into consideration services provided at different levels within the health system and resources available. These guideline ... more

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National Instiute for Nutrition, Indian Council for Medical Research (2011) C1

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Background Paper 6.11 Alzheimer Disease and other Dementias

B. Duthey, Ph.D; S. Tanna (2004) C2

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National Programme for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke

World Health Organization WHO (2019) C_WHO

A Manual for Medical Officer Developed under the Government of India – WHO Collaborative Programme 2008-2009 Accessed: 11.03.2019

Risk Factors of Stroke in Western and Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

X. Chen; L. Zhou; Y. Zhang; et al. BioMed Central (2014) CC

Chen et al. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:776 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/776

IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021

International Diabetes Federation IDF (2022) C1

10th edition The IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition provides detailed information on the estimated and projected prevalence of diabetes, globally, by region, country and territory, for 2021, 2030 and 2045. It draws attention to the growing impact of diabetes across the world and highlights proven and ... more