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Recommendations for Inactivated Rabies Vaccine for Human Use Produced in Cell Substrates and Embryonated Eggs

WHO WHO (2005)

Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

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The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents

World Health Organization WHO, Stop TB (2016) C_WHO

Interim policy guidance.

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What you get for your dollar, “Effective Altruism” — What it is, how philanthropic foundations use it and what are its risks and side-effects

Karolin Seitz (2019) C2

This briefing paper provides an overview of the approach underlying EA, how and by whom it is applied and its problems and consequence... more

EU Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in human health

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2017) C_CDC

These Guidelines on prudent use of antimicrobials in human health are based on a technical report prepared by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) with input from EU Member ... more

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PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BIOETHICS : CASE - STUDIES IN WOMEN’S HEALTH

By the Committee on Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health, International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) (2012)

This curriculum can be used freely in order to stimulate means of ethical analysis, reflection and decision-making.

Commisson Notice: Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine

Official Journal of the European Union (2015) C2

The extensive use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine in recent years has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant microorg... more

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Antimicrobial Use in Livestock in Low-Income Countries

Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative SIANI (2016) C2

This policy brief identifies and explains the main reasons behind the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) associated with improper use of antibiotics in the livestock sector. Focusing on the low-... more

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Pandemic influenza preparedness and response WHO guidance document

World Health Organization (2009)

This document should be used in conjunction with the WHO checklist for influenza preparedness planning published by the World Health Organization in 2005. Available in English; Chinese; French

Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa : Primary Healthcare Level 2020 edition

the Essential Drugs Programme, the PHCAdult Hospital Level Expert review Committee, the National Essential Medicines List Committee National Department of Health South Africa (2020) CC

The PHC STGs and EML should be used by healthcare workers providing care at clinics, community health centres, and gateway clinics at hospitals. P... more

Joint request for selected preventive chemotherapy medicines and joint reporting form

World Health Organization WHO (2013) C_WHO

User Guide

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Appropriate Use of Medical Resources: Antimicrobial Stewardship Toolkit

American Hospital Association AHA (2019) C2

User GuideThe toolkit is composed of three sections: Hospital and Health System Resources - includes a readiness assessment tool, the starting point in developing or enhancing a successful Antimicr... more

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Treatment Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Common Syndromes

Indian Council of Medical Research - Department of Health Research (2017) C1

The publication of the of the Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines represents the culmination of the efforts of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program of ICMR to publish treatment guidelines for common syndromes in India. These guidelines are targeted for the health care settings. It aims to rationali... more

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WHO Competency Framework for Health Workers’ Education and Training on Antimicrobial Resistance

World Health Organization WHO (2018) C_WHO

The framework is to be used as a reference guide, applied according to local priorities and needs, and targeted at academic institutions, educators... more

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Pathways of antibiotic use in Bangladesh: qualitative protocol for the PAUSE study

Rousham E. K., M. Aminul Islam, P. Nahar et al. (2018) C2

Global actions to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) include optimising the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health. In countries with weak healthcare regulation, this requires ... more

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HEARTS. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Access to essential medicines and technology

World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2018) C_WHO

Procurement and supply management activities are fundamental to consistent and reliable access to essential medicines and health products. To reduc... more

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Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Chikungunya Fever - 2009

World Health Organization - Regional Office for South-East Asia (2009) CC

This guideline for the prevention and control of chikungunya fever (CF) is intended for use by all peripheral health workers in the Region and is... more

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Gender in Emergencies: Useful Field Base Learning/Practice Gender Mainstreaming Tool

Environmentally Sustainable Development supported by World Bank (2007)

The toolkit comprises ready-to-use material designed expressly for World Bank task managers working in the water and sanitation sector. It presents a range of tools for gender analysis ... practical “how-to” strategies collected from program and project experience around the world. It is one of a series of toolkits being designed to assist task managers in improving project performance by incorporating gender into their work. more

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Uganda: THE NATIONAL DRUG POLICY AND AUTHORITY ACT

(1993) C2

CHAPTER 206 | An Act to establish a national drug policy and a national drug authority to ensure the availability, at all times, of essential, efficacious and cost-effective drugs to the entire popu... more

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Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019) C_CDC

The Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008, presents evidence- based recommendations on the preferred methods for cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of pa... more