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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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Infection Control for Viral Haemorraghic Fever in the African Health Care Setting

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , World Health Organization WHO (1998)

Important Guideline for Ebola prevention and control It is designed for the following uses: - for prevention through preparedness--to help African health facilities make advance preparations for responding with appropriate precautions when a VHF (including Ebola) case is suspected. - for pl... more

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Guidelines For Outbreak Control

World Health Organization (2003)

communicable Disease Toolkit

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Human Resources

WHO (2015)

excessed 27 January 2015

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Refugee and Internally Displaced Populations: Flow, Occassions And Priorities For Assistance

World Health Organization (2014)

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WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern

WHOOIE (2001)

This Manual covers all important aspects of echinococcosis, including parasite biology and life-cycles, geographic distribution and prevalence, epidemiology, clinical presentation in humans and animals, diagnosis and treatment, as well as control and prevention using newly developed tools and method... more

Outbreak Communication

World Health Organization (2005)

Best practices for communicating with the public during an outbreak

Public health risk assessment and interventions. Tropical Storm Ketsana and Typhoon Parma: the Philippines

World Health Organization (2009)

Prevention and control of epidemic meningococcal disease in Africa

WHO (2002)

Report of a WHO technical consultation meeting Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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Evaluation guidelines for Measles supplemental immunization activities

World Health Organization; Regional Office for Africa (2006)

Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit: HIV, TB and Malaria and Health Systems Strenghtening

The Global Fund (2011)

The TB section of the toolkit presents selected (a) programmatic output and (b) outcome and impact indicators for TB. In addition to recommended monitoring programs and measuring the outcomes and impact of TB programs, indicators for the strengthening of health systems, strengthening of community sy... more

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Data Sharing Guidelines: Department of AIDS Control

National AIDS Control Organisation, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare , Government of India, (2013) C1

For word document see: www.naco.gov.in/upload/2014%20mslns/Data%20Sharing%20Guidelines.doc

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Contrôle de l´infection en cas de fièvre hémorragique virale en milieu hospitalier africain

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS; CDC (1998)

Basic Level Public Health Emergency Management Training Module

Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (2012) C1

Participant Modules

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Core Set of Indicators & Indicator Data Sheets for Health and Social Health Protection

Deutsche Gesellschaft fü; r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH ;; KfW (2012)

The Core Set of Indicators and respective Indicator Data Sheets aim to pave the way towards a common understanding, greater consistency and comparability across countries and alignment of results chains of German Development Cooperation in the field of health and social health protection with the in... more