The results of the report clearly show that in 2020, a year dominated by the emergence of COVID-19 and its associated health and economic crises, governments around the world rose to the challenge. Sharp increases in government spending on health at all country income levels underpinned the rise in ...health spending to a new high of US $9 trillion (approximately 11% of global GDP). Government health spending generally increased and offset declines in out-of-pocket spending. Importantly, the rise in government health spending was part of a much broader fiscal response to the pandemic. In high income and upper-middle income countries social protection spending also increased sharply in as governments attempted to cushion populations from the economic impacts of COVID-19. In contrast to health and social protection, growth in education spending was relatively subdued. Countries face the further challenge of sustaining increased public spending on health and other social sectors in the face of deteriorating macroeconomic conditions and rising debt servicing. This also includes the challenge of sustaining external support for low income countries, which is essential for reducing ensuring poverty, ensuring access to health services and strengthening pandemic preparedness.
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The WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) was launched in 2015 to foster AMR surveillance and inform strategies to contain AMR. The system started with surveillance of AMR in bacteria causing common human infections and has expanded its scope to include surveillance... of antimicrobial consumption (AMC), invasive fungal infections, and a One Health surveillance model relevant to human health. To meet future challenges, it is in continuous evolution to enhance the quality and representativeness of data to inform the AMR burden accurately. As of the end of 2022, 127 countries, territories and areas participate in GLASS.
The fifth GLASS report, produced in collaboration with Member States, summarizes 2020 data on AMR rates in common bacteria from countries, territories, and areas. The report brings new features, including analyses of population testing coverage or AMR trends. For the first time, the report presents 2020 data on AMC at the national level. A new interactive dashboard allow users to explore AMR and AMC global data, country profiles and download the data.
This report marks the end of the early implementation phase of GLASS. In addition to presenting data collected through the latest data call, this report provides a summary of five years of national AMR surveillance data contributed to GLASS from its initiation, presents AMR findings in the context of progress of country participation in GLASS and in global AMR surveillance coverage and laboratory quality assurance systems at (sub)national level.
Patterns of antimicrobial consumption are presented by country with a particular focus on antibacterials. The report also presents the antimicrobial consumption according to the WHO AWaRe antibiotic classification, for penicillins and cephalosporines. From a One Health perspective, the report presents antimicrobial consumption data in the human sector expressed in tons to allow a comparison with antimicrobial consumption from other sectors (not included in this report).
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Mientras los países se esfuerzan por avanzar hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y lograr la cobertura sanitaria universal, las desigualdades sanitarias provocadas por la discriminación racial y los factores interrelacionados siguen estando omnipresentes. Las desigualdades que sufre...n los pueblos indígenas, los afrodescendientes, los romaníes y otras minorías étnicas son preocupantes a nivel mundial; son injustas, prevenibles y remediables
Los propios sistemas de salud son determinantes importantes de la salud y la equidad sanitaria. Pueden perpetuar las desigualdades sanitarias al reflejar el racismo estructural y las prácticas discriminatorias de la sociedad en general. En este sentido, el racismo sistémico (por ejemplo, relacionado con la ubicación de los servicios o los requisitos para acceder a ellos), los prejuicios implícitos, la práctica clínica mal informada o la discriminación por parte de los profesionales de la salud contribuyen a las desigualdades sanitarias. Ahora bien, los sistemas de salud también pueden convertirse en una de las principales fuerzas para combatir las desigualdades a las que se enfrentan las poblaciones que sufren discriminación racial.
La atención primaria de salud (APS) representa la estrategia esencial que permite reorientar los sistemas de salud y las sociedades para que sean más saludables, equitativos, eficaces y sostenibles. En 2018, al cumplirse el 40.º aniversario de la Declaración de Alma-Ata, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF) renovaron el énfasis en la atención primaria de salud con su estrategia sobre la atención primaria de salud en el siglo XXI.
La OMS ha señalado 14 mecanismos estratégicos y operacionales con los que los responsables políticos pueden reforzar la atención primaria de salud. Cada mecanismo dispone de múltiples puntos de partida posibles para emprender acciones específicas dirigidas a combatir la discriminación racial, fomentar la atención de salud intercultural y reducir las desigualdades sanitarias que sufren los pueblos indígenas, los afrodescendientes, los romaníes y otras minorías étnicas
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Overview
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders globally. The WHO epilepsy technical brief aims to strengthen action for epilepsy and complements the Intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders 2022–2031.
The technical bri...ef presents the key information on epilepsy and recommends actions to policy makers and other stakeholders. Using the concept of levers for change introduced by the Operational Framework for Primary Health Care, it identifies actions on the policy and operational levels that stakeholders should take to strengthen services for people with epilepsy using a person-centered approach based on human rights and universal health coverage.
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What are the FP and CAC competencies?
Through the clear articulation of the family planning and comprehensive abortion care (FP and CAC) competencies for the primary health care workforce, the aim is to advance improvements in FP and CAC service delivery by aligning health worker education approach...es with population health needs and health system demands.
This document, which describes these competencies in detail, is intended to:
be a foundational tool to be adopted and adapted by educators and regulators for FP and CAC providers (students) with a pre-service training pathway of at least 12 months;
describe competencies that are relevant to current and future health practice;
enable widespread use of the competencies not only for curriculum development for pre-service education, but also for in-service education, regulation, qualifications, quality assurance, personal development, performance evaluation, recruitment, management and career progression;
focus on the core functions of FP and CAC providers within broader efforts towards achieving universal health coverage
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This document, Programme and curriculum development guide, presents a systematic approach to developing programmes and curricula for implementation of the family planning (FP) and comprehensive abortion care (CAC) competencies,and the theory behind the approach. Specifically, the aim is for effectiv...e implementation of these competencies in the context of pre-service education and training, post-graduate studies and continuing professional development (CPD). This guide is designed for programme and curriculum developers who are preparing or revising formal education and training programmes and curricula for the FP and CAC workforce.
This guide proposes a new FP and CAC Educational Design Model for programme and curriculum development. This model can support competency-based education (CBE) for current and future FP and CAC services, with a pre-service training pathway of at least 12 months, and can also support in-service training. CBE provides the most effective means to orient educational programmes and curricula towards effective health services that meet population health needs, and this Educational Design Model provides a guide for linking the competencies required to provide a range of health services
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Obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have been steadily increasing globally, and with them, a pressing need to implement effective responses to address the contributing factors. Among the available evidence-based policy options that enable healthier choices and improved diets is ...the implementation of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs).
This tax manual is a practical guide for policy-makers and others involved in SSB tax policy development to promote healthy diets and populations. It features summaries and case studies of SSB global taxation evidence, and provides support on the policy-cycle development process to implement SSB taxation — from problem identification and situation analysis through policy design, development and implementation to the monitoring and evaluation phase. Additionally, the manual identifies and debunks industry tactics designed to dissuade policy-makers from implementing these taxes.
SSB taxes can be a win-win-win strategy: a win for public health (and averted health-care costs), a win for government revenue, and a win for health equity.
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The executive summary of the WHO Global oral health status report presents a snapshot of the most recent data on major oral diseases, risk factors, health system challenges and opportunities for reform. The report’s clear conclusion is that the status of global oral health is alarming and requires... urgent action. The report will serve as a reference for policy-makers and an orientation for a wide range of stakeholders across different sectors to guide advocacy towards better prioritization of oral health in global, regional and national contexts. In addition, the report provides, as a separate online resource, the first-ever country oral health profiles for all 194 WHO Member States, giving unique insights into key areas and markers of oral health that are relevant for decision-makers.
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Le résumé d’orientation du Rapport de situation de l’OMS sur la santé bucco-dentaire dans le monde passe en revue les données les plus récentes sur les principales maladies bucco-dentaires, les facteurs de risque, ainsi que les défis à relever et les possibilités de réforme du système ...de santé. Le rapport établit comme constat clair que la situation de la santé bucco-dentaire dans le monde est alarmante et nécessite une action urgente. Le rapport servira de référence aux décideurs et permettra d’orienter un large éventail de parties prenantes dans différents secteurs en vue de guider les efforts de sensibilisation en faveur d’une meilleure définition des priorités en matière de santé bucco-dentaire dans les contextes mondiaux, régionaux et nationaux. En outre, le rapport fournit, par le biais d’une ressource en ligne distincte, les tout premiers profils de la santé bucco-dentaire des pays pour l’ensemble des 194 États Membres de l’OMS, donnant un aperçu unique des domaines et des marqueurs clés de la santé bucco-dentaire qui sont pertinents pour les décideurs.
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El resumen ejecutivo del Informe de la OMS sobre la situación mundial de la salud bucodental presenta una instantánea de los datos más recientes sobre las principales enfermedades bucodentales, los factores de riesgo, los retos para los sistemas de salud y las oportunidades de reforma. La clara c...onclusión del informe es que la situación de la salud bucodental a nivel mundial es alarmante y requiere una acción urgente. El informe servirá de referencia para los responsables de la formulación de políticas y permitirá a un amplio abanico de partes interesadas de diferentes sectores orientar su labor de promoción hacia una mejor priorización de la salud bucodental en los contextos mundial, regional y nacional. Además, el informe proporciona, como un recurso en línea separado, los primeros perfiles nacionales de salud bucodental para los 194 Estados Miembros de la OMS, lo que da una visión única de las áreas y los marcadores clave de la salud bucodental que son relevantes para los responsables de la adopción de decisiones.
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Loss and damage is an urgent concern, driven by the increasingly harmful effects of climate change. Communities are experiencing new types and forms of climate impact, of higher frequency and intensity, which they are not equipped to handle. These impacts compel vulnerable communities to migrate to ...find alternative livelihoods and ways to survive. But migration generates grave socioeconomic consequences. Through case study analysis from 12 regions in Asia, Africa and the Pacific, this paper explores how climate change-induced migration is creating physical health, mental health and wellbeing issues — both for migrants and the families they leave behind. It then provides recommendations to policymakers on how to strengthen policy, planning and response frameworks to support communities manage health and wellbeing risks created by climate impacts.
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This report assesses the impact of the conflict in Ukraine and its implications for organized crime and security-related issues for neighbouring countries, with a focus on Moldova.
These include:
Organized crime and illicit trafficking (including trafficking in persons, drugs, arms, illicit toba...cco, and other goods); Cybercrimes and fraud; Disinformation and propaganda; and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) threats.
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Los coronavirus son un grupo de virus ARN altamente diversos de la familia Coronaviridae que se dividen en
4 géneros: alfa, beta, gamma y delta, y que causan enfermedades de leves a graves en humanos y animales
(1-3). Existen coronavirus humanos endémicos como los alfacoronavirus 229E y NL63 y l...os betacoronavirus
OC43 y HKU1 que pueden causar enfermedades de tipo influenza o neumonía en humanos. Sin embargo,
tres betacoronavirus zoonóticos que pueden causar enfermedad severa en humanos han emergido: el
coronavirus del Síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV), el coronavirus del Síndrome respiratorio de
Oriente Medio (MERS-CoV) y el virus de COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).
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This Guidance Note is meant to help protection cluster coordinators apply nexus approaches in a practical way by, providing concrete steps and means to address prevalent or longstanding protection issues, risk patterns, trends and chronic vulnerabilities. The guidance calls for a practical, problem-...solving approach that seeks opportunities to identify and collaborate with actors beyond the humanitarian sphere to address deep-rooted protection issues
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The MHPSS MSP is an easy-to-follow intersectoral package, which spells out the activities and actions that all humanitarian actors should put in place in all emergencies for an effective MHPSS response. It speaks to different actors at the global, regional, national, and local levels to plan, coordi...nate and implement an effective MHPSS response.
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The Indigenous tribe called the Wiwa lives retracted in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Little is known about their health status and whether the health care system in place covers their needs.
Since the notification of the first two confirmed cases of Vibrio cholerae O1 in the greater Port-au-Prince area on 2 October 2022, to 14 January 2023, the Haitian Ministry of Health (Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, MSPP per its French acronym), reported a total of 24,232 suspe...cted cases in 10 departments of the country, including 1,742 confirmed cases, 20,505 hospitalized suspected cases, and 483 registered deaths. This represents an increase in the last 7 days of 5% in suspected cases (N=1,188), 11% in confirmed cases (N=166) and 4% in deaths (N=19). As of 14 January 2023, 9 departments have confirmed cases (Artibonite, Centre, Grand-Anse, Nippes, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud and Sud-Est). To date, the case fatality rate among suspected cases is 2.0%.
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The sixteenth meeting of the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases (STAG-NTD) was held as a hybrid meeting, 27–28 September 2022.
Dr Ren Minghui, Assistant Director-General, Universal Health Coverage/Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases, welcomed participan...ts to the meeting. He said the World Health Organization’s Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (WHO/NTD) was in a state of transition. Following the death of the late esteemed Director Dr Mwelecele Ntuli Malecela earlier in the year, Dr Gautam Biswas had taken over as Acting Director but would soon retire; the appointment of a new Director was under way. Owing to rotation of STAG-NTD members, this would be the last meeting for some and the first meeting for several new participants. The work however would continue with the same commitment. Discussions over the next two days would focus on critical issues regarding recovery of NTD services following the disruptions caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which had impacted many health services worldwide. He looked forward to receiving the advice and guidance of STAG-N
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Le secteur de la santé et des soins constitue une source d’emploi considérable dans le monde, en particulier pour les femmes. Les personnels de santé et d’aide à la personne représentent environ 3,4 % de la population active mondiale, notamment quelque 10 % dans les pays à revenu élevé e...t un peu plus de 1 % dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Partout dans le monde, ce secteur est hautement féminisé – les femmes y représentent environ 67 % des travailleurs à l’échelle mondiale – et connaît un degré significatif de ségrégation professionnelle entre femmes et hommes. Cependant, la part des femmes dans la population active du secteur varie selon le degré de développement économique. Dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire, les femmes représentent 63,8 % de la population active du secteur, contre 75,3 % dans les pays à revenu élevé. Les estimations figurant dans le présent rapport montrent que le haut degré de féminisation du secteur est universel, à la fois au niveau des pays et des régions. Les pays où une plus grande part de femmes travaille dans le secteur n’ont pas nécessairement des dépenses plus élevées en matière de santé et de soins.
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Despite the significant role of vector control in national leishmaniasis control programmes, the programmatic community perceives vector control as the weakest component of leishmaniasis control strategies in terms of resources, scientific evidence of the usefulness of interventions and capacity for... quality-assured implementation. Therefore, the main objective of this manual is to provide practical tools, techniques and procedures to strengthen sand fly control and surveillance in order to improve implementation of leishmaniasis control programmes. The manual provides a rationale for programme managers in different geographical regions on the types of vector control interventions to be used in different epidemiological and environmental settings and also how to measure their impact.
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