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World Allergy Organization Jornal Volume 13, Issue 6100130June 2020
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The course aims to cover the types of NCDs and risk factors, the challenges of delivering NCD services in primary health care, elements of WHO technical packages (PEN and HEARTS) for NCDs and how to adapt these packages in primary health care.
Psychoactive drugs are substances that, when taken in or administered into one's system, affect mental processes, e.g. perception, consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions. Psychoactive drugs belong to a broader category of psychoactive substances that include also alcohol and nicotine. “Psy
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choactive” does not necessarily imply dependence-producing, and in common parlance, the term is often left unstated, as in “drug use”, “substance use” or “substance abuse”.
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The Defeat-NCD Partnership prioritises poorer countries because they bear the brunt of the enormous impact of NCDs with some 48% of premature deaths occurring in low and lower-middle income countries. The resident of a low-income country faces a lifetime chance of 20-30% of dying from an NCD under t
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he age of 70; this is two-to-four-fold higher than the equivalent risk for a high-income country resident. Meanwhile, when poor countries start getting a little more prosperous, the prevalence of NCD risk factors tend to initially increase.
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Given the intimate association between silicosis and tuberculosis, understanding the epidemiology of the South African gold mining industry silicosis epidemic is essential to current initiatives to control both silicosis and tuberculosis in this population, one of the most heavily affected globally.
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The study’s objectives were to compare the prevalence of silicosis among working black gold miners in South Africa during 2004–2009 to that of previous studies, including autopsy series, and to analyse the influence of silicosis and/or tuberculosis on exiting employment.
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South Africa’s mineral resources have produced, and continue to produce, enormous economic wealth; yet decades of colonialism, apartheid, capital flight, and challenges in the neoliberal post-apartheid era have resulted in high rates of occupational lung disease and low rates of compensation for e
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x-miners and their families. Given growing advocacy and activism of current and former mine workers, initiatives were launched by the South African government in 2012 to begin to address the legacy of injustice. This study aimed to assess developments over the last 5 years in providing compensation, quantify shortfalls and explore underlying challenges.
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Skin prick reactivity among asthmatics in East Africa
Kwizera, R.; Wadda, V.; Mugenyi, L.; et al.
World Allergy Organization Jornal Volume 13, Issue 6100130June 2020
(2020)
CC2
The burden of asthma in Africa is high, and yet the disease is not universally prioritised. Data on allergic asthma and its impact on asthma morbidity are limited in Africa. Our aim was to describe the distribution of skin prick positivity among asthmatics in Eastern Africa.
This study investigated occupational risk factors and exposure–response relationships for airway disease among health workers (HWs) exposed to cleaning agents in two tertiary hospitals in South Africa and Tanzania.
Previous studies have demonstrated an association between asthma or respiratory
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symptoms and exposure to broad categories of cleaning-related exposures in healthcare settings. However, few studies have identified the specific cleaning agents responsible for asthma and other health outcomes. Products used for medical instrument cleaning and disinfection such as glutaraldehyde, orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have been implicated in the causation and exacerbation of work-related asthma (WRA) and upper airway outcomes such as rhinitis.
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South Africa is a mineral-rich country. Although the mining of these minerals generates wealth for the country, it also causes diseases in the mine workers who are exposed to harmful dust. Pulmonary silicosis, the disease most commonly caused by exposure to crystalline silica dust, was described in
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South African gold miners in the early 1900s not many years after gold-mining commenced. Most studies since then have been cross-sectional, with only one large cohort study being conducted on white miners; long-term trends have not been reported. Currently, South Africa has one of the highest rates of silicosis in the world.
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Occupational exposures to respirable crystalline silica occur in a variety of
industries and occupations because of its extremely common natural occurrence and the wide uses of materials and products that contain it. At least 1.7 million U.S. workers are potentially exposed to respirable crystallin
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e silica [NIOSH 1991], and many are exposed to concentrations that exceed limits defined by current regulations and standards.
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Our awareness necessity of cystic fibrosis (CF) significantly predates our ability to comprehend the molecular factors that underpin its cause and affect prognosis. The dire warning “Woe to that child which when kissed on the forehead tastes salty. He is bewitched and soon must die” has been cir
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culating since the 1800s. CF patients taste salty when kissed because an elevated level of sweat chloride is a hallmark of the disease. If untreated, they rarely make it past their first birthday. Typical presentation also includes failure to thrive caused by pancreatic insufficiency and chronic recurrent chest infections.
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Burden of fungal asthma in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kwizera, R.; Musaazi, J.; Meya, D.B.; et al.
PLOS ONE, which is part of the Public Library of Science (PLOS)
(2019)
CC2
Asthma is one of the neglected diseases in Africa with a high prevalence. Allergic fungal diseases have been reported to complicate asthma progression and treatment outcomes. However, data about fungal asthma and its associated complications are limited in Africa. We aimed to estimate the burden of
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fungal asthma among adults and children in Africa using a systematic review.
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Asbestos-related diseases in mineworkers: a clinicopathological study
Ndlovu, N.; Rees, D.; Murray, J.; et al.
ERJ Open Research, part of the European Respiratory Society (ERS)
(2017)
CC
This study compared clinical and autopsy findings for three asbestos-related diseases (asbestosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer) in former asbestos mineworkers, and explored factors that influenced agreement between clinical and autopsy findings using data from two compensation systems. In South Afr
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ica, statutory compensation for occupational lung diseases in mineworkers makes provisions for autopsy examinations of the cardio-respiratory organs at the National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH) in Johannesburg. In addition, the Johannesburg-based Asbestos Relief Trust and Kgalagadi Relief Trust (the “Trusts”) compensate individuals with defined asbestos-related diseases who worked in or lived near qualifying asbestos mining or processing operations. The Trusts also compensate dependents of deceased qualifying mineworkers and therefore encourage statutory autopsies for the detection of previously undiagnosed asbestos-related disease or disease that may have progressed to higher compensation grades.
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A 20-year follow-up study on chronic respiratory effects of exposure to cotton dust
Wang, X-R.; Zhang, H-X.; Sun, B-X.; et al.
European Respiratory Journal, part of the European Respiratory Society (ERS)
(2005)
CC2
The article "A 20-year follow-up study on chronic respiratory effects of exposure to cotton dust" evaluates the long-term impact of cotton dust exposure on respiratory health. It followed a cohort of Chinese cotton and silk workers from 1981 to 2001, comparing lung function and symptoms. Results sho
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wed that cotton workers experienced greater declines in lung function and persistent respiratory symptoms compared to silk workers. The study found that exposure to airborne endotoxins in cotton dust was strongly linked to chronic respiratory impairment. It highlighted that stopping exposure helped improve lung function, particularly in non-smoking men, while smokers continued to show negative effects.
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The Mediclinic article on silicosis provides an overview of this occupational lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust. It explains that inhaled silica particles lead to lung scarring and nodule formation, progressively impairing breathing. The article outlines symptoms such as shortness of breat
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h, severe cough, fatigue, loss of appetite, chest pains, and fever. Diagnosis involves a medical examination, detailed occupational history, lung function tests, and imaging like chest X-rays or CT scans to detect lung scarring and nodules. While silicosis is irreversible with no specific cure, management focuses on preventing further silica exposure and treating complications. Preventive measures include maintaining high occupational health standards to control silica dust exposure.
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The webpage from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) features a podcast discussing chronic respiratory diseases and their global impact. It highlights the growing burden of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma worldwide. The podcast provides ins
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ights into the challenges faced in managing and preventing these diseases, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis, public health strategies, and global data to inform healthcare policies. Experts discuss the role of environmental and lifestyle factors in disease prevalence and outline ways to mitigate these risks through improved healthcare and awareness.
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The Johns Hopkins Medicine webpage on occupational lung diseases provides an overview of lung conditions caused by exposure to harmful substances in the workplace. It explains various types of occupational lung diseases, including asbestosis, silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, and hypersensiti
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vity pneumonitis. The page outlines common symptoms such as chronic cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment to manage symptoms and prevent disease progression. Additionally, the webpage highlights preventive measures, including workplace safety practices and protective equipment, to minimize the risk of exposure.
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This paper summarises the past, present and future of asbestos exposure. The future scenarios as to the mesothelioma incidence in countries, where asbestos has been banned, are discussed.
Silicosis is a group of occupational lung diseases caused by breathing in silica dust. It has been described since ancient times, when miners and stonecutters were exposed to dust containing this crystalline mineral.
Cystic Fibrosis - What Is Cystic Fibrosis
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(2024)
CC2
The "Cystic Fibrosis Fact Sheet" by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute provides an overview of cystic fibrosis (CF), a chronic and often fatal genetic disorder affecting the respiratory and digestive systems. The document outlines the causes, genetic inheritance patterns, and symptoms of
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CF, which include thick mucus buildup, respiratory issues, and digestive problems. It also discusses diagnostic methods, such as the sweat test and genetic testing, and highlights current treatment approaches focused on symptom management, including chest therapy, medications, and potential gene therapy. The fact sheet emphasizes patient and family education to improve quality of life and support coping strategies.
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The document "Cystic Fibrosis Key Findings 2023 for Care Providers" by the Pennsylvania Department of Health summarizes recent findings and insights related to cystic fibrosis (CF). It highlights key statistics on the prevalence and outcomes of CF, emphasizes best practices for patient care, and pro
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vides recommendations for healthcare providers. The document discusses improvements in treatment protocols, advances in medical research, and strategies to enhance patient quality of life. It also includes guidance on early detection, genetic testing, and comprehensive management plans to support affected individuals and their families.
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