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Publication Years
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a leading cause of death in the African region, surpassing fatalities from malaria, HIV, and TB. In response to this critical threat, the region has adopted the AMR Global Action Plan and the African Union Framework for Antimicrobial Resistance Control 2
...
020 – 2025, which is tailored to meet the specific needs of African nations through a coordinated approach. While most countries in the region have developed and prioritized National Action Plans (NAPs) to tackle AMR, the overall response remains inadequate given the magnitude of the threat, which endangers human, animal, environmental, aquatic, and plant health.
Africa bears a significant burden of infectious diseases, accounting for approximately 95% of malaria deaths, 70% of people living with HIV, and 25% of TB deaths globally. In 2019, AMR was linked to approximately 55,000 deaths from HIV, 30,000 from malaria, and 255,000 overall. Major drivers of AMR in the region include the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in human and food systems, migration, suboptimal vaccination rates, and environmental contamination from hospital and pharmaceutical effluents. Additionally, there is a lack of access to quality-assured antimicrobials and diagnostics, compounded by inadequate knowledge about AMR. Unlike high-income countries, where indiscriminate antimicrobial use is the primary factor driving AMR, African countries face additional challenges, including a lack of access to clean and safe water, poor Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programs, inadequate infection prevention measures, and suboptimal vaccinations for preventable diseases. One in three hospitals in the region lacks clean, safe running water, and one in eight people defecate openly due to inadequate sanitation. Investments in WASH, infection prevention, and biosecurity could save approximately 700,000 lives annually.
Addressing AMR in Africa requires a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach involving the entire society. Sustainable access to antimicrobials, including antibiotics, vaccines, and therapeutics, is crucial, as lack of access leads to more morbidity and mortality than AMR itself. Support for the region should focus on preventing infections, strengthening health and food systems, developing human resources, ensuring sustainable access to diagnostics and therapeutics, and investing in laboratory infrastructure to support surveillance and data generation.
more
Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in India
Pradeepa, R.; Mohan, V.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 69(11):p 2932-2938, November 2021.
(2021)
CC2
The burden of diabetes is high and increasing globally, and in developing economies like India, mainly fueled by the increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. The estimates in 2019 showed that 77 million individuals had diabetes in India, which is expected to rise to over
...
134 million by 2045. Approximately 57% of these individuals remain undiagnosed. Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for majority of the cases, can lead to multiorgan complications, broadly divided into microvascular and macrovascular complications. These complications are a significant cause for increased premature morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes, leading to reduced life expectancy and financial and other costs of diabetes leading to profound economic burden on the Indian health care system. The risk for diabetes is largely influence by ethnicity, age, obesity and physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and behavioral habits in addition to genetics and family history. Good control of blood sugar blood pressure and blood lipid levels can prevent and/or delay the onset of diabetes complications. The prevention and management of diabetes and associated complications is a huge challenge in India due to several issues and barriers, including lack of multisectoral approach, surveillance data, awareness regarding diabetes, its risk factors and complications, access to health care settings, access to affordable medicines, etc. Thus, effective health promotion and primary prevention, at both, individual and population levels are the need of the hour to curb the diabetes epidemic and reduce diabetes-related complications in India
more
This implementation plan sets out a series of programmatic objectives, activities and outcomes for malaria surveillance strengthening in Myanmar over the next two years. This period represents a key phase as the National Malaria Control Programme (N
...
MCP) strives to build on recent achievements in strengthening core surveillance operations.
more
La surveillance épidémiologique est un processus continu de collecte, d’analyse et de diffusion d’informations pour la prise d’actions de riposte. Les activités de surveillance épidémiolo
...
gique sont mises en œuvre au Sénégal selon la stratégie SIMR (Surveillance Intégrée de la Maladie et Riposte) et suivant le RSI (version 2005). Cependant, très souvent les données de surveillance des maladies, surtout au niveau communautaire, ne sont pas toujours bien enregistrées, notifiées et analysées. Aujourd’hui, les maladies transmissibles émergentes et ré-émergentes comme la maladie à virus Ebola (MVE), constituent une menace importante pour la santé et le bien-être de nos communautés.
more
Guide du Formateur en Communication des Acteurs Communautaires sur la Surveillance Epidémiologique Intégrée
recommended
La Surveillance épidémiologique est un processus continu de collecte, d'analyse et de diffusion d'informations pour la prise d'actions de riposte. Les activités de surveillance épidémiologique
...
sont mises en oeuvre au Sénégal selon la stratégie SIMR (Surveillance Intégrée de la Maladie et Riposte) et suivant le RSI (Version 2005). Cependant, très souvent les données de surveillance des maladies, surtout aux niveau communautaire, ne sont pas toujours bien enregistrées, notifiées et analysées.
Aujourd'hui, les maladies transmissibles emergentes et ré-émergentes comme la maldie à Virus Ebola (MVE), constituent une menace importante pour la santé et le bien-êtres de nos communautés. Fort heureusement, les interventions de lutte et de prévention sont bien connues pour certaines.
Il en résulte que des opportunités pour prendre et mettre en place des mesures de riposte appropriées de santé publique pour sauver des vies existens et doivent être clairement indentifiées. Pour cela, il s'avère nécessaire de former de manière adéquate les acteurs communautaires et de mettre en place un système perfomant de surveillance intégrée des maladies aux niveau communautaire soutenu par une communication appropriée avec les populations aussi bien en milieu urbain que rural.
more
J Infect Dis. (2012) 206 (suppl. 1): S61-S67
Influenza data gaps in sub-Saharan Africa include incidence, case fatality, seasonal patterns, and associations with prevalent disorders. The authors found that the burden of influenza was small during 2007–2010 in this paediatric hospital in Kenya. In
...
fluenza A virus subtype H3N2 predominated, and 2009 pandemic influenza A virus subtype H1N1 had little impact
more
Le présent guide opérationnel sert de feuille de route pour la surveillance et les interventions en matière de mortalité maternelle et périnatale dans les milieux cliniques et politiques, comme décrit dans les deux guides de référence de l
...
Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) intitulés : Surveillance des décès maternels et riposte – Directives techniques – Prévention des décès maternels – Informations au service de l’action («Guide SDMR», 2013) et Pour que chaque enfant compte : audit et examens des mortinaissances et des décès néonatals» (2016).
Ces deux guides proposent des approches fondées sur l’utilisation de données de qualité sur les soins de santé pour mettre un terme aux décès maternels, aux mortinaissances et aux décès néonatals évitables.
more
The primary aim of this assessment is to evaluate current approaches to malaria surveillance in Myanmar and to provide a set of practical and feasible recommendations to further strengthen the surveillance
...
system in the short to medium term. The assessment focuses on the surveillance of malaria cases (as distinct from more general surveillance to support monitoring and evaluation) and, more specifically, on instruments and systems to collect, collate, report and analyse malaria data as a basis for informing malaria control policy and practice.
more
Guide du formateur sur la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée et communication communautaires
recommended
Cette formation a pour but de renforcer les capacités des acteurs communautaires sur la surveillance intégrée des maladies a potentiel épidémique.
Il s'avère nécessaire de former de manière adéquate les acteur communautaires et de mettre
...
en place un système performant de surveillance intégrée des maladies aux niveau communautaires soutenu par une communication appropriée avec les population aussi bien au milieu urbain que rural.
more
Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit: HIV, TB and Malaria and Health Systems Strenghtening
The Global Fund
(2011)
The TB section of the toolkit presents selected (a) programmatic output and (b) outcome and impact indicators for TB. In addition to recommended monitoring programs and measuring the outcomes and impact of TB programs, indicators for the strengthening of h
...
ealth systems, strengthening of community systems and some indicators that measure quality of services are also included.
more
You can download the handbook, worksheets and quick reference cards from the website!
The HHEAT is an ethical analysis tool designed to help humanitarian healthcare workers make ethical decisions. It consists of 3 components: (1) a summary card highlighting key questions, (2) a handbook providing a
...
n overview of the tool, and (3) a worksheet for recording the decision-making process. The tool was inspired by research examining ethical challenges and moral distress experienced by humanitarian workers. The HHEAT has been tested and validated by humanitarian workers and experts from the fields of humanitarian medicine and nursing, as well as applied ethics.
more
Humanitarian Health Ethics Analysis Tool (HHEAT) worksheet is a component of the HHEAT Handbook produced by the Humanitarian Health Ethics Network
Handbook on Monitoring and Evaluation of Human Resources for Health with special applications for low- and middle-income countries
Mario R Dal Poz, Neeru Gupta, Estelle Quain and Agnes LB Soucat
World Health Organization (WHO); USAID; The World Bank
(2009)
This tool focuses on performance management as an essential element of successful supply chain and logistics systems. It is designed to assist health supply chain workers who have performance management responsibilities.
3rd edition.
National immunization programme in Bangladesh has marched a long way to reach more than 7 million infants and pregnant mothers in each year. The goal of the immunization programme is to protect the individuals and public from vaccine preventable disease like Polio, Measles, Rubella, Di
...
phtheria, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Whooping cough, Tuberculosis and Pneumonia
more
