Search database
Filter
974
Text search: Impact on Health and HIV expenditure
Featured
Language
Document type
No document type
701
Studies & Reports
141
Strategic & Response Plan
47
Guidelines
45
Manuals
23
Situation Updates
8
Training Material
3
Resource Platforms
3
Fact sheets
3
Countries / Regions
Kenya
61
India
49
Liberia
35
South Africa
35
Zambia
34
Nigeria
33
Sierra Leone
30
Uganda
30
Global
30
Ethiopia
27
Tanzania
27
Nepal
25
Rwanda
25
Malawi
25
Myanmar / Burma
24
Namibia
22
Western and Central Europe
21
Africa
21
Lesotho
19
Ghana
15
Asia
15
Bangladesh
14
Cambodia
11
Latin America and the Carribbean
11
Indonesia
10
Mozambique
10
Botswana
10
Zimbabwe
9
Eastern Europe
9
Guinea
7
Ukraine
7
South–East Asia Region
7
Congo, Democratic Republic of
6
Philippines
6
Senegal
5
West and Central Africa
5
Haiti
4
Pakistan
4
Syria
4
Papua New Guinea
4
East and Southern Africa
4
Middle East and North Africa
4
Moldova
4
Burkina Faso
3
Cameroon
3
Sudan
3
Benin
3
Eswatini/ Swaziland
3
Albania
3
Russia
3
Georgia
3
Mali
2
South Sudan
2
Afghanistan
2
Germany
2
Yemen
2
Western Pacific Region
2
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
2
Tajikistan
2
Iran
2
Vietnam
2
Jamaica
2
Japan
2
Saudi Arabia
1
Somalia
1
Iraq
1
Jordan
1
Lebanon
1
Egypt
1
Chad
1
Thailand
1
China
1
Central African Republic
1
Brazil
1
North Macedonia
1
Serbia
1
Croatia
1
Burundi
1
Libya
1
Madagascar
1
Other region
1
Poland
1
Palestine
1
Djibouti
1
Armenia
1
Southern Africa
1
Laos
1
Timor Leste/ East Timor
1
Qatar
1
Kyrgyzstan
1
Kazakhstan
1
North America
1
Turkmenistan
1
Mauritius
1
Portugal
1
Spain
1
Azerbaijan
1
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1
Authors & Publishers
World Health Organization WHO
75
UNAIDS
40
World Health Organisation (WHO)
37
World Health Organization
36
et al.
25
World Health Organization (WHO)
19
UNICEF
18
USAID
13
WHO
12
Ministry of Health, Zambia
10
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS)
9
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania
9
Ministry of Health, Kenya
8
World Health Organization Europe
8
Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
7
Ministry of Health
7
Ministry of Health Uganda
7
World Health Organization (Europe)
7
Ministry of Health, Rwanda
6
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA)
6
PEPFAR
6
World Bank
6
Eurasian Harm Reduction Network
5
European Union
5
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
5
Regional Network for Equity in Health in east and southern Africa (EQUINET)
5
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports
5
UN Children's Fund UNICEF
5
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)
5
UNDP
5
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa
5
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
4
Dept. of Health, Republic of South Africa
4
Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
4
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation
4
Human Resources for Health
4
Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda
4
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Abuja Nigeria
4
National AIDS
4
Regional Office for Africa
4
The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP
4
Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria
3
GIZ
3
Government of Liberia
3
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
3
Government of Uganda
3
ICF International
3
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)
3
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV
3
Kenya Ministry of Health
3
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
3
Ministry of Health & Social Welfare, Liberia
3
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India
3
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Liberia
3
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Liberia
3
Ministry of Health, Ghana
3
Ministry of Health, Malawi
3
National AIDS Commission Liberia
3
National AIDS Commission of Liberia
3
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
3
National Department of Health, Republic of South Africa
3
National HIV
3
OECD
3
Pan American Health Organization
3
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
3
Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health
3
Results for Development (R4D)
3
Save the Children
3
Stop TB Partnership
3
The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF)
3
The Global Fund
3
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)
3
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East-Asia
3
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Europe
3
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Africa
3
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Africa
3
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia
3
World Heart Federation
3
African Union
2
BMC Health Services Research
2
BMZ
2
CCM Georgia
2
Central TB Divison, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of India
2
Centre for Health & Infectious Disease Research
2
Child Health Division, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of India
2
D. Raben
2
European Centre for disease prevention and Control
2
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
2
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
2
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia -Ministry of Health
2
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
2
G. Shaw
2
Global Health Action
2
Global Heart
2
Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health
2
Government of Papua New Guinea
2
Government of Tanzania
2
Health System Trust HST
2
IACAPAP
2
ICASO
2
ICF International, et al.
2
Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE)
2
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies
2
J. Klinte
2
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, UNICEF
2
KNCV TUBERCULOSIS FOUNDATION
2
Médecins sans Frontières
2
Ministry of Health & Sanitation, Sierra Leone
2
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSS), Kingdom of Lesotho
2
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of India
2
Ministry of Health, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2
Ministry of Health, Gabarone, Botswana
2
Ministry of Health, Liberia
2
Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya
2
Ministry of Health, Rwanda & Rwanda Biomedical Centre
2
National AIDS Control Organisation, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare , Government of India,
2
National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Kenya
2
Organización Panamericana de la Salud
2
Oxfam
2
Pan American Health Organisation PAHO
2
Patel P.
2
PLOS One
2
Rwanda Biomedical Center - Institute of HIV
2
Sanders, S.
2
Sarah Frost, Chapal Khasnabis, Kylie Mines, and Lourdes de la Peza
2
SCMS
2
The Global Fund To fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
2
The Government of Malawi
2
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health
2
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health, Department of Health, Child Health Division
2
The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
2
UN Industrial Development Organization
2
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA
2
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
2
United Nations in Moldova
2
USAID, PEPFAR, Health Policy Project
2
World Food Programme (WFP)
2
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia
2
World Health Organisation
2
World Health Organization (Americas)
2
World Health Organization (Western Pacific Region)
2
World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office for Myanmar
2
2021 Malawi Sustainability Index and Dashboard Summary
1
390: 898&ndash
1
912
1
A. Aerts, M. Grzemska
1
A. Bokazhanova
1
A. Bone
1
A. Hovhannesyan, P. Moonan, A. Dadu
1
A. J. Shattock
1
A. Kamensa, S. Olsena
1
A. Landry, et al.
1
A. Latypov
1
A. Malaza
1
A. Murray-Zmijewski
1
A. Scandurra, Dr. S. Libianchi, G. Parisi
1
A. Sönnerborg
1
A. van Ahee
1
A.B. Ghartey
1
A.Sullivan
1
Abdoulaye Mar Dieye
1
Abras A., Ballart C., Fernández-Arévalo A., et al.
1
Abubakar, I.
1
Acta Scientific Medical Sciences​
1
Action Contre la Faim (ACF) International,
1
ACTION global health advocacy partnership
1
ACTION partner oranizations
1
Advancing Partners & Communities
1
Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
1
Africa Region
1
African Development Fund
1
African Palliative Care Association
1
African Population Studies
1
African Religious Health Assets Programme (ARHAP)
1
Agar Brugiavini and Noemi Pace
1
Agbor, V.N.
1
AHOP National Centre based in Nigeria
1
AIDS
1
Aidsfonds
1
AIDSinfo
1
Aksion Plus
1
Albania Center for Population and Development (ACPD)
1
Albanian Association of People Living with HIV/AIS
1
Alemu Tilahun, H.
1
Alexander Butchart, David Brown, Andrew Wilson, and Christopher Mikton
1
Aliku, T. et al.
1
Alimonte, Mary D'
1
Amnesty International
1
Amodeo, C. et al.
1
and P. Heydt
1
Anna Marriott
1
ARASA AIDS & Human Rights Alliance for Southern Africa
1
Arias, Daniel
1
Armenian National AIDS Center
1
Arne H Eide & Bhekie Jele
1
Arne H Eide & ME Loeb
1
ASEAN for Mental Health
1
Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
1
Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
1
Asia-Pacific Community Mental Health Development Project
1
Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)
1
Assessement Capacities Projekt
1
Associazione Antigone
1
Astle. B.
1
Atun, R.
1
Avert
1
Axsel, C.
1
B. Akkazieva
1
B. Duthey, Ph.D
1
Banda, P
1
Barasa, E.
1
Beer, J. de
1
Ben Mountfield
1
Bendavid E. et al.
1
Benjamin O Alli [et al.]
1
Bernard van Leer Foundation
1
BJOG An International Journal of Obstetics and Gynaecology
1
Bloomberg Philanthropic
1
BMC Public Health
1
BMJ Global Health
1
Boeuf, P.
1
Bonsu FA, Hanson-Nortey NN, Afutu FK et al.
1
Bousquet, J.
1
Bovet, P.
1
BRAC
1
Braitstein, Paula et al.
1
Brot für die Welt
1
Brown, T.
1
Buckley, P.
1
Bull World Health Organ
1
Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ)
1
Busse R, Blümel M
1
C. Benedikt
1
C. F. Bessa, G. N. lazo, G. V. Sauret
1
C. Hamelmann
1
C. Hanlon, A. Alem, C. Lund, et al.
1
C. Kalpaki, M. Moudatsou, E. Maraki, et al.
1
C. Leopold
1
C. MacNamara, L. Varley, P. M. McNamara
1
C. Rae
1
C.A.Faerron-Guzman
1
Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International
1
Cambodia, Ministry of Health, PMNCH, WHO, World Bank, AHPSR et al.
1
Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy
1
CARE
1
Carla Silva-Matos
1
CDC
1
Cecchini, M.
1
Center for Global Development
1
Center for Innovation and Impact (CII), USAID
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
1
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and UNICEF Nepal
1
Centre for Heath & Infectious Disease Research
1
Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health (CMNH), from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)
1
Centre for Social Justice and Ethics, CUEA
1
Cercone, James
1
Chaitkin, Michael
1
Chama-Chiliba, C.
1
Chapeyama, Oliver
1
Charlson, F.J.
1
Cheesbrough, Monica
1
Children & AIDS
1
Children's HIV Services (Be their key to life)
1
Chimimba, F.
1
Chiolero, A.
1
Cholera Secretariat Zimbabwe
1
CIES IUL
1
Cilliers, J.
1
Circulation
1
Claudia Hanson, Jonathan Cox, Godfrey Mbaruku, et al.
1
Clift, Jack
1
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1
Committee on Nervous System Disorders in Developing Countries
1
Common Sense for Drug Policy
1
Community Health Services Unit
1
Conselho Nacional de Combate ao HIV e SIDA (CNCS), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS)
1
Consortium for Universities for Global Health
1
Corporate Evaluation and Methods Operations Evaluation Department
1
CURATIO International Foundation
1
Cynthia Green
1
D. Cohen
1
D. Ocheret
1
D. Richardson
1
D. Ruiz
1
D. S. Abebe
1
D. Stewart
1
Dahab M.
1
Damasceno, A. et al.
1
Dariusz Dziewanski
1
David Beran
1
Delphine Boulenger, Basile Keugoung & Bart Criel, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp
1
Department for International Development, Uganda
1
Department of Education, Republic of South Africa
1
Department of Health (DOH)
1
Department of Higher Education and Training, Republic of South Africa
1
Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Gabarone, Botswana
1
Departments of Health and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Republic of South Africa
1
Dept of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, South Africa
1
Dept. of Health
1
Deutsche Gesellschaft f&uuml
1
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
1
Devlin, K.
1
DFID
1
DHS Program
1
Divisions of Community Health Services, UNICEF
1
Donaldson, Liam
1
Dr F Siyoi, Dr C Forshaw, Dr J Mbuva ,Dr M Thuo, Dr N Mucheru, Dr E Ominde-Ogaja, Dr R Mbindyo, Mrs R Kirika
1
Dr M.Funk
1
Dr T Apalata, Dr C Bamford, Mr D Benjamin et al.
1
Dr. S. Godinjak
1
Dr. Z. Cardaklija
1
Drug Safety
1
Drug War Facts
1
Dunn, L., Chea
1
Dzabala, N. et al.
1
E. Masaki
1
E. Subata,
1
E.Z Asbu, O. Walker and J. M Kirigia, et al.
1
Eaton, Jeffrey W.
1
Economic and Political Weekly
1
Egan, F.K.
1
ehra (eurasian harm reduction association)
1
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation
1
END TB
1
ERS
1
et al
1
Ethiopia, Ministry of Health
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
1
Evans, Timothy Grant
1
Every Woman Every Child
1
Evidence to Action
1
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health
1
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health
1
Federal Government of Nigeria
1
Federal HIV
1
Federal Ministries of Agriculture, Environment and Health
1
Federal Ministries of Health & Youth Development
1
Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and the National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA)
1
Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
1
Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Uganda
1
Ferreira, J.P.
1
FHI 360
1
Flavia Bustreo, Marie-Paule Kieny, Lale Say et al.
1
Flavia Bustreo, Shyama Kuruvilla, Marleen Temmerman et al
1
Fleisher, Lisa
1
Florey, Lia
1
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1
Forde, Ian
1
Frank Shann and John Vince
1
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
1
G. Ooms
1
G. Sander
1
Gelband, Hellen
1
George, G., Atujuna, M. & Gow, J.
1
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
1
Germany’s National Public Health Institute (RKI), et al.
1
Ghana Health Service, ICF
1
Ghana Statistical Service
1
Ghana, Ministry of Health
1
Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)
1
Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network
1
Global Coalition for Circulatory Health
1
Global Fund
1
Global Health Watch
1
global health workforce alliance
1
Global MICS Programme
1
Global Preparedness Monitoring Board
1
Globalization and Health
1
Goverment of Lesotho
1
Governement of Nepal, Family Health Division Department of Health Services
1
Governement of Nepal, Ministry of Health
1
Government of India, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Department of Pharmaceuticals
1
Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Health & Family Welfare
1
Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)
1
Government of Indonesia
1
Government of Lesotho
1
Government of Lesotho, World Health Organization (WHO) & United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1
Government of Malawi
1
Government of Nepal
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population ( MoHP)
1
Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission
1
Government of Rwanda: Ministry of Health, Maternal and Child Health
1
Government of Sierra Leone
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Government of Sierra Loene, WHO
1
Government of the Netherlands
1
Government of the Republic of Haiti
1
Government of the Republic of Mozambique
1
Government of the Republic of Zambia
1
Government of the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Development Programme
1
Government of Zambia and the United Nations in Zambia
1
Grimshaw, J. M.
1
Grollman C.
1
Gury S. et al.
1
H. Sakamoto
1
H. Visser, de Bruin S., Knoop J. et al.
1
H.E. Drummer
1
H.L. Nguyen
1
HAI
1
hai global
1
Harm Reduction International
1
Health Infrastructure Division
1
Health Partner International, MOH Zambia
1
Health Poverty Action, International Drug Policy Consortium
1
Health System Trust
1
HEART (Health & Education Advice and Resource Team
1
HelpAge
1
HelpAge International Myanmar, University of Public Health and University of Medicine-2
1
Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, European Union
1
Hendrik CJ van Rensburg
1
HIV Economics Reference Group
1
hler, Oliver Razum, Jean-Olivier Schmidt
1
Horton, Susan, et al.
1
House of Commons International Development Committee
1
Hoviyeh Afnan-Holmes, Moke Magoma, Theopista John, et al.
1
Huffman, M. et al.
1
Human Rights Watch
1
I. Eramova
1
I. Teplinskaya
1
ICF Macro
1
Ilona Kickbusch
1
Ilona Kickbusch, Christian Franz, Anna Holzscheiter, Iris Hunger, Albrecht Jahn, Carsten K&ouml
1
Indian Academy of Paediatrics
1
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Global Health Advocates, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group
1
Indian Council of Medical Research India
1
Indonesian Drug Users Network
1
Indonesian National AIDS Commission
1
Institute for Community Inclusion at University of Massachusetts
1
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
1
Institute for Security Studies ISS
1
Institute of Medicine (US)
1
Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank
1
International Bureau for Epilepsy
1
International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
1
International commitee of the Red Cross
1
International Development Committee, Government of the United Kingdom
1
International HIV/AIDS Alliance
1
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
1
International Labour Organization
1
International League against Epilepsy
1
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
1
International Vaccines Task Force (IVTF)
1
Iris Onipede, Ellen Schmitt
1
Irish Penal Refurm Trust
1
ISCTE IUL
1
Izumi Nakamitsu et al.
1
J. D. Lundgren
1
J. Dieleman, L. Singh et al.
1
J. Dodos
1
J. E. Lawn
1
J. J. Fiol
1
J. Langer and J. Slawomirski
1
J. Ripley
1
J.S. Richards, et al.
1
J.Smith
1
Jacob, N.
1
Jamison, Dean T.
1
Jemoon, P.
1
Joachim Rüppel
1
Joe Schofield, Sarah Hess, Bandana Malhotra et al.
1
John Beard, Alana Officer, Andrew Cassels et al.
1
Joint HIV, TB and PMTCT Review Steering committee
1
Journal of global health
1
JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc.
1
Jusot, V.
1
K. A. Holloway, World Health Organization (WHO)
1
K. Chkhatarashvili
1
K. Kruja
1
K. Lauer
1
K. Stone
1
Kadowa, Isaac
1
Kaiser Family Foundation
1
Kapungwe, A.
1
Kardan, A., O’Brien, C. and Masasa, M.
1
Kates J.
1
KELIN, Stop TB Initiative
1
Kelley, Edward T.
1
KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme and African Academy of Sciences
1
Kenya Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan (KNSSP)
1
Kenya Medical Research Institute
1
Kenya Ministry of Health, National AIDS and STI Control Program
1
KfW
1
Khaltaev, N.
1
Kieny, Marie-Paule
1
Kim, Sun Mean
1
Kisanga O.
1
Klazinga, Niek
1
Klein O. et al
1
Klinkenberg, E
1
Klinkenberg, E. & Ochola, R.
1
Korenromp E.
1
KPMG Africa
1
Kraus, S.
1
Kumar, M.
1
Kuper, H.
1
L. Khotenashvili
1
L. Newman
1
L. Savikj
1
Lancet
1
Lancet 2017&#59
1
Latvian Centre for Human Rights
1
Leatherman, Sheila
1
LeMier, Ryan
1
Lena Morgon Banks and Sarah Polack
1
Lesotho National AIDS Commission, Government of Lesotho
1
Lesotho Vulnerability Assessment Committee (LVAC)
1
Leuleseged Ageze, Hailu Zelelew, Habtamu Tadesse, et al.
1
Li Z., Richter L., Lu C.
1
Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Program, Liberia and ICF International
1
Lievens, T., Serneels, P. & Butera, D.
1
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Technische Universität München
1
Loulou Kobeissi
1
Luwabelwa, M.
1
M. A. Jiménez
1
M. and S.Abjorensen
1
M. Belfer
1
M. Doara, D. Choroliani, P. de Colombani
1
M. Golichenko
1
M. Hart
1
M. Hoekstra
1
M. J. Stirratt
1
M. K. Sugai et al.
1
M. Manova
1
M. Mansfeld
1
M. Ranganathan et al.
1
M. Ristola
1
M. Slutsker
1
M. van der Boom, S. Talevski
1
M. Wolny, P. Kubaszewski
1
MacQuarrie, Kerry L.D., Sarah E.K. Bradley, Alison Gemmill, and Sarah Staveteig
1
Magagula, Samuel V.
1
Magdy Martínez-Solimán
1
Magitta, N.F.
1
Maina T., Kirigia D.
1
Malanda, B.
1
Malteser International
1
Mamdani M.
1
Management Sciences for Health
1
Maria del Carmen Casanovas, Knut Lönnroth, Luz Maria De-Regil et al
1
Marie Mercy Zevallos, et al.
1
Marie Theres Benner and K. Peter Schmitz
1
Markbreiter, J.
1
Martinez-Alvarez M. et al
1
Maternal and Child Health DirectorateFederal, Ministry of Health Ethiopia
1
Maternal Health Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India
1
Maurice Bucagu, Jean M. Kagubare, Paulin Basinga, Fidèle Ngabo, Barbara K Timmons & Angela C Lee
1
McGuin, Rachael
1
McKee, M.
1
medical peace work
1
Medicus Mundi International Network (MMI)
1
medmissio and Action against AIDS Germany
1
Mehtsun, Sinit
1
Mercy Corps
1
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
1
mHealth Kenya
1
Minister for Medical Services
1
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), Rwanda
1
Ministry of Finance and National Planning, Zambia
1
Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, Uganda
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India
1
Ministry of Health & Ministry of Local Government, Gabarone, Botswana
1
Ministry of Health (Malawi), USAID, UNFPA, UNICEF, Save the Children International, Clinton Health Foundation
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
1
Ministry of Health and Ministry of Industry, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health and National AIDS Control Council, Republic of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health and Population
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation, International Centre for Eye Health, Sightsavers
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) & Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (MOEAC)
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS), UNAIDS
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services Namibia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, National Bureau of Statistics, Zanzibar, Tanzania, and ICF International
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National AIDS Control Programme, Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health Bangladesh
1
Ministry Of Health Community, Development,Gender, Elderly And Children, the United Republic of Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health Malawi
1
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia
1
Ministry of Health The United Republic of Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health, Botswana
1
Ministry of Health, Botswana&#59
1
Ministry of Health, Cambodia
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Liberia
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal
1
Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, et al.
1
Ministry of Health, Pakistan
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Botswana
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of South Africa
1
Ministry of Health, South Africa
1
Ministry of Health, Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health, Uganda
1
Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India
1
Ministry of Medical Services and Ministry of Public Health & Sanitation, Republic of Kenya
1
Ministry of National Development Planning, Republic of Zambia
1
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenya
1
Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
1
Minja, N.W.
1
Misereor
1
Mitchell, S.
1
Mitchell, S. et al.
1
Mobilising Access to Maternal Health Services in Zambia Programme, District Health Management Teams
1
Mohan P. Joshi Malaïka Ludman Dan Kibuule, et al.
1
Mont, D.
1
Mursaleena Islam
1
Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports
1
N. Gebreselassie , C. Lienhardt, L. Anderson et al.
1
N. B. Karkara
1
N. Drew
1
N. H. Ponters, A. P. Dores
1
N. Mdaka
1
N. Nguyen
1
NACO
1
NACO India
1
NACO, Department of AIDS Control
1
NACO, DOTS
1
NAFIN (Namibia Alliance for Improved Nutrition), UNICEF
1
Nafisa Baboo
1
Nakagaayi, D.
1
Nang Lao Liang Won (Researcher)
1
National Academy of Sciences
1
National Agency for Control of AIDS (NACA)
1
National AIDS Commission, Government of Lesotho
1
National AIDS Control Council
1
National AIDS Control Organisation
1
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1
National AIDS Council, Zambia
1
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
1
National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
1
National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development , Ministry of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation
1
National HIV and AIDS Secretariat
1
National HIVAIDS Council Zambia
1
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ICF International
1
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) [Rwanda], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Rwanda], and ICF International
1
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), the African Institute for Development Policy (AFIDEP) and UNFPA
1
National Instiute for Nutrition, Indian Council for Medical Research
1
National Population Commission (NPC
1
National Primary Health Care Development Agency
1
National Reproductive Health Programme Ministry of Health
1
National Rural Health Mission, DOTS
1
National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National Tubercolis and Leprosy Control Programme, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
1
National Tuberculosis Leprosy and Lung Disease Program (NTLD-program), Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya
1
NCD Alliance
1
Ncube, M.
1
Nejad, Sepideh Bagheri
1
Nepal Family Health Program II, New ERA
1
Nepal GHI Strategy
1
Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Health
1
Nilar Tin et al.
1
Nomura, S.
1
Noubiap, J.J.
1
NRFA
1
Nswilla A.
1
Ntusi, N.A.B.
1
Nwokike J., Ludeman E., Thumm M.
1
Observatory of the Penal System and Human Rights (University of Barcelona)
1
OCSD, Social Development Department, Central and West Regions
1
Olivia Tiberi
1
Olney, Jack J.
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS)
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS
1
Overseas Development Institute
1
Oxfam International
1
Oxford Policy Management
1
O’Connell, Meghan
1
O’Neill, J.
1
P. A. Omungo
1
P. Booth
1
P. Brysiewicz and B.R. Bhengu
1
P. de Colombani
1
P. de Colombani, V. Hollo, N. Jansen, et al.
1
P. Viiklepp, P. de Colombani, A. Kurbatova, et al.
1
Paccaud, F. et al.
1
Palale M.
1
Palanivel, T. , et al.
1
Pandit-Rajani, T.
1
Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia
1
Pathfinder International
1
Patrick R. Kenya, Prince-Albert Roberts, Joseph Kobba, et al.
1
People's Health Movement
1
PEPFAR&#59
1
Peter G. Smith, Richard H. Morrow, and David A. Ross
1
Phone Myint
1
Pinder, Étoile
1
PITCH (Partnership to Inspire, Transform and Connect the HIV response)
1
Pitt C.
1
Pitt1, C.
1
Piva P., Dodd. R.
1
Plavgo, Ilze, Martha Kibur, Mahider Bitew, Tesfayi Gebreselassie, Yumi Matsuda, and Roger Pearson
1
PLoS Med
1
PLOS Medecine
1
Pothuis, Michal et al.
1
Potter, A.L., Vandy, M., Smart, N. Blanchet, K.l.
1
POZ
1
PRAKSIS
1
PRESIDENT’S MALARIA INITIATIVE
1
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
1
Public Health Reviews
1
Q.M. Trinh
1
r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH &#59
1
R. H. Remien
1
R. Loewenson, M. Mamdani and others
1
R. Nefdt, E. Ribaira and K. Diallo
1
Rachel Silverman
1
Ravi Narayan and Unnikrishnan PV
1
RDA
1
ReAct Action on Antibiotic Resistance
1
Rebuilding Basic Health Services Project (RBHS)
1
Reliefweb OCHA Services
1
REPOA
1
Reproductive Health Matters
1
Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1
Republic of Libria, National AIDS Commission (NAC)
1
Republic of Malawi
1
Republic of Malawi, Ministry of Health
1
Republic of Rwanda
1
Republic of Rwanda & Commission Nationale de lutte contre le SIDA (CNLS)
1
Republic of Rwanda: Ministry of Local Government, Ministry of Health & Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
1
Republic of Senegal , Ministry of Public Health and Prevention, Department of Medical Prevention
1
ResearchGate
1
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance
1
Rhee, J.Y.
1
Richard Carr, Yves Chartier, Windy Gancayco Prohom et al.
1
Richard Vergunst, Leslie Swartz, Gubela Mji, Malcolm MacLachlan & Hasheem Mannan
1
Richter, L., Foster, G. and Sherr, L.
1
Robert E. Black, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Marleen Temmerman
1
Robert Koch Institut RKI
1
Roberts B.
1
Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF International
1
Roma Active Albania
1
Ruth Ayarza, Sophie Baver
1
Rüppel, T.
1
Rwanda Biomedical Center
1
S. Cabrera
1
S. Ibisevic
1
S. Tanna
1
S.Mares
1
SAATHII (Solidarity and Action Against The HIV Infection in India)
1
SADC Parliament Forum
1
Salvage J, Rowson M, Melf K and Sandøy I
1
Samuels, F., Amaya, A.B., Rodríguez Pose, R. and Balabanova, D.
1
Sasser S,Varghese M, Kellermann A, Lormand JD.
1
Scarpetta, Stefano
1
Schmid B, Thomas E, Olivier J and Cochrane JR.
1
Schwalm, J.
1
Sciences, A.
1
Séverin, T.
1
SFU MPH Capstone Project
1
Sharing and Learning from Country Experiences
1
Shazly Savahl, Sabirah Adams, Serena Isaacs, et al.
1
Shotton J.
1
SIAPS
1
Sierra Leone Government, Ministry of Health and Sanitation
1
Sierra Leone Government, National HIV and AIDS Secretariat
1
Silas, Joel
1
Silva, S.
1
SINTEF Health Research
1
SINTEF Technology and Society
1
SINTEF Technology and Society Global Health and Welfare
1
Smith, Pamela
1
South African Medical Journey SAMJ
1
Sphere
1
Statistics Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone, ICF International
1
Stemmet, C.L.
1
Steve Peat
1
STOP AIDS
1
Stop TB
1
Stop TB Partnership. Working Group on TB
1
Stree Shakti-The Parallel Force, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
1
Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems
1
Strengthening South Africa's Response to HIV and Health (SARRAH)
1
Susan MK Tan, Norazlin Kamal Nor, Loh Sit Fong, Suzaily Wahab, Sheila Marimuthu & Chan Lai Fong
1
Syed, Shamsuzzoha
1
T. Lievens
1
T. Zardiashvili
1
T.N. Do
1
Tanabe M. et al.
1
Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS)
1
Tanzania Diabetes Association
1
Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children.
1
Technology Transfer and Research Translation Directorate of the Ethiopian Public Health Institute
1
Teh DHS Program
1
Thacher, Emily
1
Than Tun Sein
1
The DHS Program ICF International
1
The Global Forum on MSM and HIV (MSMGF)
1
The Government of the Republic of Zambia
1
The Journal of Global Health
1
The Lancet
1
The Ministry of Health
1
The National AIDS Control Council of Kenya
1
The New York Academy of Medicine, Drug Policy Alliance
1
The Republic of Montenegro
1
The Republic of Tajikistan
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports, Department of Health
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports, Department of Medical Research, Department of Public Health, Department of Medical Services, UNFPA
1
The Sphere Project
1
The United States President's Emergency Plan For Aids Relief
1
The William J. Clinton Foundation
1
The World Bank
1
The World Bank Group
1
The World Bank, et al.
1
Thomson, D., Shivanandan, J. & Brown, T.
1
Thomson, D., Shivanandan, J. &amp
1
Thornicroft G, Alem A, Antunes Dos Santos R, et al.
1
Ties Boerma, Colin Mathers, Carla AbouZahr, Somnath Chatterji, Daniel Hogan and Gretchen Stevens
1
Tigray Health Bureau
1
Todd G.
1
Tolkien Jessica
1
Tracy Pugh, Julie Netherland, Ruth Finkelstein
1
U. Laukamm-Josten
1
U.S. Agency for International Development
1
Uganda Aids Commission
1
Uganda Aids Commission, Republic of Uganda
1
UHC2030
1
UK Aid
1
UKAid
1
Umited Nations Popuilation Fund UNFPA
1
UN Country Team in Nepal
1
UN DESA
1
UN Development Group
1
UN Development Programme
1
UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR
1
UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UNICRI
1
UN Women, UNFPA
1
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV
1
UNAIDS | GAMET
1
UNAIDS, et al.
1
UNAIDS, The National AIDS Authority (NAA)
1
UNDAF Ghana
1
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund)
1
UNFPA et al.
1
Unicef (Eastern and Southern Africa Office)
1
Unicef (United Nations Children’s Fund)
1
UNICEF and UNFPA
1
UNICEF Indonesia
1
UNITAID
1
UNITAID Secretariat, World Health Organization
1
United Nations
1
United Nations agencies, the World Bank and the European Commission
1
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) & United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
1
United Nations Development Programme
1
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
1
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
1
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP)
1
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
1
United Nations System in Uganda
1
United Nations, The World Bank, European Union and African Development Bank
1
United States Government Zambia Interagency Team
1
United States of America - Department of State
1
Univ. Namibia
1
University of Oslo
1
UNOPS
1
UNSDG
1
US Agency for International Development USAID
1
US Embassy Freetown
1
USAID, SPS, Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems Program-Kenya
1
USAID, CDC
1
USAID, Health Policy Project
1
USAID, Health Systems 20
1
USAID, Philippine Statistic Authority
1
USAID, SIAPS
1
USAID, UNICEF, UNFPA
1
V. Ilyenkova
1
Valerie Karr et al.
1
Van Katwyk, S. R.
1
Vassall A.
1
Vassall, A.
1
Veillard, Jeremy Henri Maurice
1
Velisha Ann Perumal-Pillay & Fatima Suleman
1
WACD
1
WACD West Africa Comission on Drugs
1
Wenjuan Wang, Rebecca Winter, Lindsay Mallick, Lia Florey, Clara Burgert-Brucker, and Emily Carter
1
WFP World Food Programme
1
WHO Regional Office for Africa
1
WHO, Path, et al.
1
WHO, Regional Office Africa
1
Willcox et al
1
Willy McCourt, W. & Awases, M.
1
Wolters Kluwer
1
Word Health Organization
1
World Bank Group Staff
1
World Drug Report 2017
1
World Food Program WFP
1
World Health Organisation (WHO) Country Office for Nepal
1
World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organisation, International Labour Organization
1
World Health Organization WHO
1
World Health Organization ( WHO Regional Office for Africa)
1
World Health Organization (WHO) & The World Bank (WB)
1
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office for Myanmar
1
World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Kenya Country Office
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and The World Bank
1
World Health Organization (WHO), The Global Fund
1
World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, Global Financing Facility (GFF) et al.
1
World Health Organization (WHO)​
1
World Health Organization WHO (Africa)
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organization WHO, Bangladesh
1
World Health Organization WHO, India
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office Africa
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office African Region
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe
1
World Health Organization, Europe
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Ministry of Health, Botswana
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Health Situation and Trend Assessment Unit of Health System Department
1
World Health Organization, South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization, Western Pacific
1
Worldwide Hospice Palliative Care Alliance
1
Xu K., Soucat A., Kutzin J., et al.
1
Yan I.
1
Zambia Ministry of Health, National Food and Nutrition Commission and Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA)
1
Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC)
1
Zedbooks
1
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (Z IMSTAT) and ICF International. 20
1
Publication Years
Category
Countries
555
Public Health
52
Clinical Guidelines
28
Women & Child Health
22
Key Resources
22
Capacity Building
3
Pharmacy & Technologies
3
General Guidelines
1
Toolboxes
HIV
96
TB
75
Mental Health
32
COVID-19
30
Health Financing Toolbox
29
AMR
26
Disability
25
Global Health Education
25
NCDs
19
Ebola
15
Caregiver
15
Pharmacy
14
Conflict
9
Rapid Response
7
Planetary Health
7
Refugee
5
NTDs
5
Cholera
2
Polio
2
Natural Hazards
2
Social Ethics
2
Zika
1
Specific Hazards
1
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

IACAPAP Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health - Section B Perinatal and early childhood risk and protective factors & disorders

S.Mares; L. Newman S. MK Tan; N. K. Nor; L. S. Fong; et al. IACAPAP (2012) C2
Infant Psychiatry Chapter B.1 Early Maltreatment and exposure to violence
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performance

World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (2019) C_WHO
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Improving Prison Conditions by Strengthening the Monitoring of HIV, HCV, TB and Harm Reduction (Poland)

M. Wolny, P. Kubaszewski Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, European Union (2015) C2
Mapping Report - Poland.
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Improving Financial Access to Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Services for the Poor in Nigeria

Cynthia Green (2012) C1
 Add to my MEDBOX

Refugee and Migrant Health System Review: Challenges and Opportunities for Long-term Health system Strengthening in Uganda

Government of Uganda; World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO
Uganda is Africa's largest refugee-hosting country and ranks fifth globally. Over the decades, Uganda has hosted refugees from nations including South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, ... more
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

India: NATIONAL GUIDELINE FOR PARTNERSHIP

Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2014) C1
 External Link
 Add to my MEDBOX

Kazakhstan can achieve ambitious HIV targets despite expected donor withdrawal by combining improved ART procurement mechanisms with allocative and implementation efficiencies

A. J. Shattock; C. Benedikt; A. Bokazhanova; et al. PLOS One (2017) CC
Research Article PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0169530 February 16, 2017
 Add to my MEDBOX

Costing the basic package of health services at clinics and health centres in Liberia

Rebuilding Basic Health Services Project (RBHS) USAID (2009) C1
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

National Strategic Plan 2017-2025 for TB Elimination in India (Draft Version)

Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2017) C1
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

National Health Plan 2011–2020: Volume 2 (Part A), Reference Data and National Health Profile

Government of Papua New Guinea (2010) C1
The purpose of Volume 2 is to provide a full set of reference data showing performance over the period of the previous National Health Plan 2001–2010, to provide a baseline against which performance over the next ten years can be measured, ... more
 Add to my MEDBOX

Strengthening Pre-service Pharmacy Training on Rational Medicine Use and Antimicrobial Resistance

Mohan P. Joshi Malaïka Ludman Dan Kibuule, et al. USAID; SIAPS; Univ. Namibia (2014) C1
Curriculum reform efforts to enhance training on rational medicine use (RMU) and AMR should pay particular attention to ensuring that the right topics are integrated ... more
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Operational Guidelines for Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Mainstreaming in the Health Sector

Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population ( MoHP) (2013)
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Monitoring, Evaluation and Health Informations Systems Strategy (MEHIS) 2017-2022

The Government of Malawi (2018) C1
 External Link
 Add to my MEDBOX

The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation

Abubakar, I.; et al. (2022) CC
Lancet 2022; 399: 1155–200 Published Online March 15, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(21)02488-0
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between The Government of the Republic of Zambia/Ministry of Health and Cooperating Partners

The Government of the Republic of ZambiaMinistry of Health (2005) C1
 Add to my MEDBOX

Tracking development assistance for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health in conflictaffected countries

Li Z., Richter L., Lu C. BMJ Global Health (2019) CC
Little is known about the patterns of development assistance (DA) for each component of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (RMNCAH) in conflict-affected countries nor about ... more
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Tracking aid for global health goals: a systematic comparison of four approaches applied to reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health

Pitt C.; Grollman C.; Martinez-Alvarez M. et al The Lancet (2018) CC
Four initiatives have estimated the value of aid for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH): Countdown to 2015, the Institute for Heal ... more
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Never again. Building resilient health systems and learning from the Ebola crisis

Oxfam (2015)
Oxfam Briefing Paper
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

The global threat of Zika virus to pregnancy: epidemiology, clinical perspectives, mechanisms, and impact

Boeuf, P.; H.E. Drummer; J.S. Richards, et al. (2016) CC
BMC Medicine201614:112 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0660-0
 Download
  View PDF
 Add to my MEDBOX

Global AIDS Monitoring 2021 — Indicators for monitoring the 2016 Political Declaration on Ending AIDS

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO
This guideline document lays out the indicators for monitoring the 2016 Political Declaration on ending AIDS. The Global AIDS Monitoring (GAM) process has been often referenced as a benchmark for successful international accountability mechanisms.