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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

Operational Guidance: Breastfeeding Counselling in Emergencies

Emergency Nutrition Network ENN (2021) C2

Women and children, especially pregnant girls and women, infants and young children and postpartum women, are populations that are extremely vulnerable in emergencies. Breastfeeding provides children with hydration, comfort, connection, high quality nutrition and protection against disease, shieldin... more

Multiple first-line therapies as part of the response to antimalarial drug resistance

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

Effective malaria case management requires quick access to diagnostics and antimalarial treatments to reduce illness and death. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been essential to malaria treatment since 2001, as it combines artemisinin for rapid parasite reduction with a partner drug ... more

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National Operational Guideline for Community-Based Health Services, 2021

Ministry of Health The United Republic of Tanzania (2021) CC2

Towards Sustainable Community Health and Social Welfare Services Leaving No One Behind. This Operational Guideline for Community-Based Health Services (CBHS) in line with the CBHS Policy Guideline map an integrated and coordinated national approach to community-based health services in Tanzania. ... more

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PLAN STRATEGIQUE DE LUTTE CONTRE LA TUBERCULOSE AU CAMEROUN 2015 - 2019

Ministère de la Santé Publique , PROGRAMME NATIONAL DE LUTTE CONTRE LA TUBERCULOSE (2014) C1

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Outils sur le handicap pour l’AFRIQUE: LE DROIT AU TRAVAIL DES PERSONNES HANDICAPÉES

United Nations Division for Social Policy Development (DSPD) & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) (2016) C1

Module 9

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Measuring up - A Guide for facilitators

K. Daly; M. A. Torres; B. Pozzoni; et al. Frontline AIDS; International HIVAIDS Alliance; ICASO (International Council of AIDS Service Organizations); UNAIDS; et al. (2010) C2

HIV-related advocacy evaluation training for civil society organisations

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Évaluation Programme Integre De Sante Familiale De L’USAID/Benin et Projet d’Acceleration de la Réduction de la Morbidité et de la Mortalité causées par le Paludisme

Barbara Jones, Dr. Jaime Benavente, Dr. Moussa Coulibaly USAID (2015) C2

Cette évaluation avait pour buts d’examiner le Programme bilatéral intégré de santé familiale au Bénin (IFHP) financé par l'USAID et de procéder à une évaluation des résultats obtenus à ce jour à travers le Projet de réduction de la morbidité et de la mortalité causées par le pa... more

Plan National d’Accélération de Planification Familiale du Burkina Faso 2017-2020

Ministère de la Santé à travers la Direction de la Santé de la Famille (2017) C2

Le succès de la mise en œuvre du PNAPF 2017-2020 dépendra de l’engagement de chaque entité à tous les niveaux à travers des arrangements institutionnels clairs. Il s’agit d’un document dynamique qui requerra une forte coordination des différentes parties prenantes multisectorielles. La ... more

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Malaria Control in Humanitarian Emergencies. An Inter-Agency Field Handbook
recommended

Jose Nkuni, Natasha Howard, Abraham Mnzava et al. World Health Organization (2013) C_WHO

2nd edition. The interagency field handbook on malaria control was developed to set out effective malaria control responses in humanitarian emergencies, particularly during the acute phase when reliance on international humanitarian assistance is greatest. This second edition represents a thorough u... more

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Harmonized monitoring and evaluation indicators for procurement and supply management systems

WHO (2011) C_WHO

Early-warning indicators to prevent stock-outs and overstocking of antiretroviral, antituberculosis and antimalaria medicines.

National Strategy for Child Survival in Liberia: 2008-2011

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Liberia; USAIDLiberia; WHO, et al. (2008) C_WHO

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH IN MOZAMBIQUE: IMPACTS ON DIARRHEAL DISEASE AND MALARIA

USAID, ATLAS (2018) C1

This report outlines the results of a scientific study of the impacts of weather, climate variability, and climate change on health in Mozambique, with a focus on diarrheal disease and malaria.

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Strategic plan 2015-2020

mHealth Kenya (2015) C1

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Save One Million Lives Program for Results

Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Health (2016) C1

Program Implementation Manual (PIM)
The Save One Million Lives Program for Results (SOML PforR) is a Federal Government of Nigeria maternal and child health program, supported by the World Bank, which provides incentives based on achievement of results (health outcomes) and helps to drive insti... more

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Policy Analysis and Advocacy Decision Model for HIV-Related Services

B. Pick; D. Wolfe; D. Burrows; F. Hariga; et al. USAID (From the American People); REPFAR; EURASIAN Harm Reduction Network; Health Policy Project (2012) C2

People Who Inject Drugs In addition, the following individuals of our external expert advisory committee made instrumental contributions to the initial design and content of the document: Billy Pick, USAID; Daniel Wolfe, Open Society Foundations; Dave Burrows, AIDS Projects Management Group; Fabi... more

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Burden sharing or burden shifting? - HIV and TB

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) (2019) C1

MSF provides treatment for HIV and tuberculosis (TB) in more than 20 countries around the world. The report Burden sharing or burden shifting? How the HIV/TB response is being derailed examines the situation in nine countries where MSF runs programmes: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic ... more

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HIV and AIDS in Latin America the Caribbean regional overview

AVERT (2018) C2

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Rebuilding Liberia's Health System- WCO-Liberia Annual Report 2022

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

Rebuilding Liberia’s health system is crucial for improving the country’s overall health outcomes. This annual report highlights key achievements, challenges,and lessons learned in implementing programmes of technical cooperation with the Government of Liberia from January to December 2022. T... more

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WHO Sierra Leone Country Cooperation Strategy 2022–2025

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO

The Country Cooperation Strategy is the World Health Organization’s corporate framework developed in response to a country’s needs and priorities. The 2022–2025 CCS is the fourth for WHO in Sierra Leone. It is a medium-term strategic document that defines a broad framework for WHO’s work, at... more

Malaria Control in Humanitarian Emergencies. An Inter-Agency Field Handbook recommended

Malaria Control in Humanitarian Emergencies. An Inter-Agency Field Handbook
recommended