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The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs

World Health Organization (2016) C_WHO
Policy Guidance.
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GUIDELINES FOR RECALL OF MEDICINES AND HEALTH PRODUCTS IN MALAWI

Pharmacy, Medicines & Poisons Board (PMPB), Malawi (2015) C2
PMPB/INS-GUIDE/02
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Nambia: NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR MEDICINES SAFETY SURVEILLANCE

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2011) C2
Therapeutics Information and Pharmacovigilance Centre | TIPC
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Medicines in Health Care Delivery Myanmar

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South East Asia (2014) C_WHO
Situational Analysis: 13-23 October 2014
Report prepared using the WHO/SEARO workbook tool for undertaking a situational analysis of medicines in health care delivery in low and middle income countries
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Essential medicines access survey in public hospitals of Burkina Faso

Saouadogo H., M. Compaore African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (2010) C2
During this work, a survey on essential medicines availability was conducted. This article was first written on this subject for sharing the poor financial availability of the essential medicines in ... more
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South Africa: MEDICINES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES ACT

Government of South Africa (2017) C2
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Developing, Implementing, and Monitoring the Use of Standard Treatment Guidelines: A SIAPS How-To Manual

Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services (SIAPS) MSH, USAID (2015) CC
STGs are designed to assist health care professionals in making decisions about appropriate, effective patient care. However, health managers often have trouble setting and meeting the high standards required of modern, developed health care systems. With stakeholders expressing concern over issues ... more
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Zimbabwe: GUIDELINES ON THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF REGISTERED MEDICINES

Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) (2016) C2
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Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Nigeria

Federal Ministries of Agriculture, Environment and Health (2017) C2
SITUATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Medicines Catalog August 2018

Global Drug Facility World Health Organization WHO, Stop TB (2018) C_WHO
The new, all oral, 20-month MDR-TB regimens range from US $1,600* (using bedaquiline and linezolid for 6 months and levofloxacin as the fluoroquinolone) to US $2,100* (using linezolid for 12 months and moxifloxacin as the fluoroquinolone.
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Emergency Use Designation of COVID-19 candidate vaccines: Ethical considerations for current and future COVID-19 placebo-controlled vaccine trials and trial unblinding

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO
The conduct of COVID-19 vaccine trials in the context of a candidate vaccine being issued with Emergency Use Designation raises challenging ethical questions, including in relation to the use of pla ... more
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Guidelines for donations of medicines and medical supplies

Fiji Pharmaceutical Service Ministry of Health, Republic of Fiji Islands (2016) CC
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Medicines for HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle- income countries: forecasts of global demand for 2022–2026

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO
For the global community to be able to achieve ambitious targets relating to the prevention and treatment of HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), multiple types of medicines must be widely accessible to all affected popul ... more
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National Medicines Policy 2015
recommended

Ministry of Health Uganda (2015) C1
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Guidelines for the Medicines and Therapeutics Committee (MTCs) 04

Ministry of Health, Zambia (2017) C1
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NEMLIST: Namibia Essential Medicines List

Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (2016) C2
NEMLIST | Sixth Edition | February 2016
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South Africa: GUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION OF MEDICINES

Medicines Control Council (MCC), Department of Health Republic of South Africa (2012) C1
This guideline is intended to provide recommendations to applicants wishing to submit applications for the registration of medicines. It represents the Medicines Control Council’s current thinking ... more
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Substance use considerations during #COVID19

World Health Organization WHO; Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterreanan (2020) CC
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Selection and use of Ebola in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays. Emergency guidance

World Health Organization (2015)
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Guidelines for Registration of Medicines and Health Products in Liberia

Liberia Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Authority (LMHRA) (2012) C1
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Namibia: Medicines and Related Substances Control Act

Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia (2003) C2
GOVERNMENT NOTICE | No. 192 Promulgation of Medicines and Related Substances Control Act, 2003 (Act No. 13 of 2003), of the Parliament
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The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents

World Health Organization WHO, Stop TB (2016) C_WHO
Interim policy guidance.
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Swaziland: MEDICINES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT, 2016

Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland (2016) C2
Act 9 of 2016
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Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects

Shi‑Lin Chen; Hua Yu; Hong‑Mei Luo (2016) CC
Chinese Medicine, (2016) 11:37
Medicinal plants are globally valuable sources of herbal products, and they are disappearing at a high speed. This article reviews global trends, developments and prospects for the strategies and methodologies concerning the conservation and sustainable ... more
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Other substance use

W.Cheung; A. K. Lam; S. Hung IACAPAP (2012) C2
Substance use disorders Chapter G.3
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Drug use disorders: impact of a public health rather than a criminal justice approach

N. D. Volkow; V. Poznyak; S. Saxena; et al. Wiley Online Library (2017) CC
World Psychiatry16:2 - June 2017 First published: 12 May 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20428 Volume16, Issue2; Pages 213-214
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Medicines Patents, Access and Innovation

Brot für die Welt (2016) C2
The growing challenges for people in low and middle-income countries to access new medicines. Analysis 58
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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 8th list
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO
WHO’s Essential Medicines List and List of Essential Diagnostics are core guidance documents that help countries prioritize critical health products that should be widely available and affordable throughout health systems. The updated Essential ... more
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Donation of medicines, medical devices and IVDs -Version 3

South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAPHRA) SAPHRA (2020) CC
This guideline aims to improve the quality of donations and the management thereof and serve as the basis for policies of the State and other organizations in the giving and receiving of donations of medicines, medical devices and IVDs. Over the ... more
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The World Medicines Situation 2011

Milani, B.; and W. Scholten World Health Organization WHO (2011) CC
Access to controlled medicines. 3rd edition
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Antiretroviral medicines in low- and middle-income countries: forecasts of global and regional demand for 2020-2024

World Health Organization WHO; UNAIDS (2022) C_WHO
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Antiretroviral medicines in low- and middle-income countries: forecasts of global and regional demand for 2021-2025

World Health Organization WHO; UNAIDS (2022) C_WHO
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Hospital Level (Tertiary and Quaternary) Essential Medicines List | Reviewed items July 2021

National Department of Health South Africa National Department of Health South Africa (2021) C1
Reviewed Essential Medicines List July 2021
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Ukraine: Equivalence between medicines registered in Ukraine and other countries. Information for healthcare professionals and patients

Advancing pharmacy worldwide (2022) C2
Ukrainian Title: УКРАЇНА: Еквівалентність лікарських засобів, зареєстрованих в Україні та інших країнах. Інформація для працівників охорони здоров'я та пацієнтів To support t ... more
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Selection of essential medicines for South Africa - an analysis of in-depth interviews with national essential medicines list committee members

Velisha Ann Perumal-Pillay & Fatima Suleman BMC Health Services Research (2017) CC
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Indonesia: National Medicines Policy 2006

Decree of Minister of Health – Republic of Indonesia (2006) C1
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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa : Primary Healthcare Level 2020 edition

the Essential Drugs Programme, the PHCAdult Hospital Level Expert review Committee, the National Essential Medicines List Committee National Department of Health South Africa (2020) CC
The PHC STGs and EML should be used by healthcare workers providing care at clinics, community health centres, and gateway clinics at hospitals. Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Committees (PTCs) are responsible for ensuring the availability of medicines ... more
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The National Medicines Policy Of Zimbabwe

Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe (2011) C1
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Zimbabwe: Medicines and Allied Substances Control (General) Regulations

Government of Zimbabwe (2004) C2
Statutory Instrument 150 of 1991 | S.I. 150 of 1991 | Amended by S.I.’ s 298/93, 61/94, 319/94, 199/98, 256/98, 36/99, 24/2001 and 257/2002, 105 and 222 /2004
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Quantitative evaluation of essential medicines lists: the South African case study

Velisha Ann Perumal-Pillay & Fatima Suleman BMC Health Services Research (2016) CC
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WHO Quality assurance policy for the procurement of essential medicines and other health products

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO
The procurement of essential medicines and other health products is a critical function in support of the effective discharge of WHO’s mandate, and WHO values the importance of the quality of essential m ... more
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how to use your pump correctly - Outcome of illustrated information leaflet on correct usage of asthma - metered dose inhaler

Wrench, W.; van Dyk, L.; Sirinivas, S.; Dowse, R. (2019) CC2
Research globally has shown that metered dose inhaler (MDI) technique is poor, with patient education and regular demonstration critical in maintaining correct use of inhalers. Patient information containing pictorial aids improves understanding o ... more
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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List of Common Medical Conditions in the Kingdom of Swaziland

Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland Ministry of Health, the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, USAID, and SPS (2012) C1
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Towards Access 2030. WHO Medicines and Health Products Programme Strategic Framework 2016-2030

(2017) C_WHO
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Kenya Essential Medicines List 2019
recommended

Ministry of Health, Kenya (2019) C1
The Kenya Essential Medicines List 2019 is an indispensable guide to the medicines recommended for the management of common conditions in Kenya. It is primarily directed at health care providers and ... more
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Managing TB Medicines at the Primary Level

USAID; Management Sciences for Health (2008) C1
April 2008
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THE NATIONAL PROTOCOL FOR TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS IN KENYA

Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya (2017) C2
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Antibiotic use and resistance in South Africa

Dr T Apalata, Dr C Bamford, Mr D Benjamin et al. South African Medical Journey SAMJ (2011) C2
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important public health concern shared by developed and developing countries. In developing countries the burden of infectious diseases is greater and exacerbated by limited access to, and availability and affordability of, antimicrobials required to treat infect ... more
 External Link
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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List of Common Medical Conditions

Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland Ministry of Health (2012) C2
The product of all this work is the Standard Treatment Guideline and Essential Medicines List of Common Medical Conditions in the Kingdom of Swaziland. These systematically developed statements are designed to assist practitioners in making decision ... more
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Safety in administering medicines for neglected tropical diseases

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO
This manual summarizes key issues related to the safety of NTD medicines and their administration, with a focus on essential medicines used in mass drug administration (MDA), also called preventive ... more
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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa - Hospital Level Adults 2nd Edition - 2019

National Department of Health South Africa (2020) CC
The Adult Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for Hospital Level provide a platform for transparency to enable equitable access to safe, effective, and affordable treatment options at hospital level taking into consideration t ... more
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The use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

WHO (2013) C_WHO
Interim policy guidance
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Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis : coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control

World Health Organization (2006) C_WHO
Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: a Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers
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Experimental therapies: growing interest in the use of whole blood or plasma from recovered Ebola patients (convalescent therapies)

World Health Organization (2014)
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Kenya: Guidelines on use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection
recommended

National AIDS&STI Control Program Kenya Ministry of Health, Kenya (2018) CC
2018 Edition
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Nepal: National Medicines Policy 2007

Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal (2007) C1
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Antimicrobials use, reistance and containment baseline survey (Ethiopia)

Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia , et al. (2009) C1
Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a result of the use, overuse and misuse of antibiotics both in humans and animals. In Ethiopia, there are indications on the misuse of antibiotics by health care providers’, unskilled practitioners, and dru ... more
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Emergency Medicines List (EML). First Edition, November 2014 - Ethiopia

Food, Medicine and Health care Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (FMHACA) (2014) C_WHO
The list of emergency medicine has been developed though various consultative meeting and workshops with concerned health professionals and institutions. The medicines in the list should be administered to emergency patients only treated in the heal ... more
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Over-the-Counter Medicines List for Ethiopia

Food, Medicine and Health care Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (FMHACA) (2012) C1
2nd edition
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Essential Medicines and Health Supplies List for Uganda (EMHSLU) 2016

Ministry of Health Uganda (2016) C1
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PHARMACY, MEDICINES AND POISONS BOARD GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES GUIDELINES(GMP) (Malawi)

Pharmacy, Medicines & Poisons Board, Malawi (2013) C2
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Zimbabwe: MEDICINES AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

(2001) C2
CHAPTER 15:03 | Acts 14/1969, 62/1971, 35/1974, 20/1978, 41/1978 (s. 35) 39/1979, 7/1987, 11/1988, 18/1989 (s. 27), 1/1996, 6/2000, 22/2001; R.G.N. 899/1978.
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Antidepressant medicines in individuals with a depressive episode in bipolar disorder

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
Q9: Antidepressant medicines in individuals with a depressive episode in bipolar disorder1Q9: In individuals presenting with a depressive episode in bipolar disorder, are antidepressant medicines ef ... more
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Drug use and road safety

World Health Organization (2016) C_WHO
Psychoactive substance use affects the functioning of the brain and leads to impaired driving
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World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines 22st List
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO
WHO today published the new edition of its Model Lists of Essential Medicines and Essential Medicines for Children, which include new treatments for various cancers, insulin analogues and new oral ... more
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Rapid Evaluation of the Medicines Registration System in Benin

Diadié Maïga, Bedel Evi, Angélique Gbaguidi USAID, SIAPS (2016) C_WHO
The primary role of Benin’s Department of Pharmacy and Medicines (DPMED) is to develop and apply the national pharmaceutical policy. The main objective of this policy is to ensure the availability and accessibility of quality ... more
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Availability and Use of HIV Monitoring and Early Infant Diagnosis Technologies in WHO Member States in 2011–2013: Analysis of Annual Surveys at the Facility Level

V. Habiyambere; N. Ford; D. Low-Beer; et al. PLOS Medicine (2016) CC
PLOS Medicine | DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002088 August 23, 2016
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Antiretroviral medicines in low- and middle-income countries: Forecasts of global and regional demand for 2014-2018

World Health Organization (2015) C_WHO
Technical Report AIDS Medicines and diagnostics service July 2015
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Guidelines on Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV in Kenya

Ministry of Health; National AIDS & STI Control Program (2018) C2
2018 Edition
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Responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture

Hernández Serrano, P. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2005) C2
In aquaculture, antibiotics have been used mainly for therapeutic purposes and as prophylactic agents. The contribution to antimicrobial resistance of antibiotics used in aquaculture is reviewed here, using a risk analysis framework. Some recommendations on responsible conduct in this context are pr ... more
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Antibiotic use, resistance and the link to nutrition

ReAct (2018) C2
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are spreading at an alarming rate and some bacterial infections may once again be untreatable. Antibiotic resistance (ABR), conservatively calculated, causes more than 500 000 deaths every year. This number is projected to rise dramatically if radical actions are not ta ... more
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EU Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in human health

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2017) C_CDC
These Guidelines on prudent use of antimicrobials in human health are based on a technical report prepared by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) with input from EU Member States experts and stakeholders, which should be re ... more
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Situational Analysis of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Humans and Animals in Zimbabwe

The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP (2017) C2
This situation analysis has gathered information about the current state of AMR, contributing factors and antimicrobial use in Zimbabwe from the human, animal, agricultural and environmental sectors. Data has been gathered from different sectors suc ... more
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Statement on the use of Dexamethasone for severely ill COVID-19 Patients

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) C1
Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) is aware of the media releases of the preliminary results of a large randomized clinical trial conducted in the United Kingdom, which included dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, as one of the drugs used for the treatment of COVID-19 patien ... more
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Essential Medicines List for Management of Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19 Diagnosis
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO
Updated 10 August 2020 This document presents an essential medicines list (EML) to manage patients in intensive care units (ICUs) with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, which includes active ingredients with dosage form and concentration, ... more
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Antibiotic Use for Sepsis in Neonates and Children: 2016 Evidence Update

Fuchs A., J. Bielickia, S. Mathur, et.al. World Health Organization (2016) C_WHO
Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, especially during the first five days of life and in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) [1]. Hospital infection also remains a major cause of mortality in children despite progress encountered in the last decades.
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Recommentation for an emergency use listing of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine (NUCLEOSIDE MODIFIED) submitted by Pfizer Europe MA EEIG

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO
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WHO Good Governance for Medicines programme. an innovative approach to prevent corruption in the pharmaceutical sector

Baghdadi-Sabeti , G.; and F. Serhan World Health Organization WHO (2010) C_WHO
Compilation of country case studies and best practices. World Health Report (2010) Background Paper, 25
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Taenia solium Use of existing diagnostic tools in public health programmes

World Health Organization WHO; Institutional Repository for Information Sharing iris (2022) C_WHO
Taeniasis and cysticercosis caused by the parasite T. solium affect vulnerable populations, mainly in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, where pigs (the intermediate host) roam free and poor sanitation allows pigs access to human faeces.
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Access to NCD medicines: emergent issues during the COVID-19 pandemic and key structural factors
recommended

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated pre-existing inequalities in the treatment and care of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This report examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to NCD medicines, and the policies and ... more
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Access to controlled medicines for pain management in the WHO South-East Asia Region

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2023) C_WHO
The availability of controlled medicines is crucial for patients requiring palliative care, pain relief and symptom management. Many individuals worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries, continue to experience limited access to thes ... more
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Access to NCD medicines: emergent issues during the COVID-19 pandemic and key structural factors 2023

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated pre-existing inequalities in the treatment and care of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This report examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to NCD medicines, and the policies and ... more
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WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems

World Health Organization WHO (2004) C_WHO
Guidelines
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Strengthening Pre-service Pharmacy Training on Rational Medicine Use and Antimicrobial Resistance

Mohan P. Joshi Malaïka Ludman Dan Kibuule, et al. USAID; SIAPS; Univ. Namibia (2014) C1
Curriculum reform efforts to enhance training on rational medicine use (RMU) and AMR should pay particular attention to ensuring that the right topics are integrated and the right teaching-learning methodologies are adopted.
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Resources for the Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders

World Health Organization WHO (2012) C_WHO
The WHO Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study measures the burden of disease using the disability-adjusted life year metric (DALY). The DALY metric was developed to assess the burden of disease consistently across diseases, risk factors and regions. A consistent and comparative description of the ... more
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Key technical issues of herbal medicines with reference to interaction with other medicines

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO
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Nigeria: Essential Medicines List

Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria (2016) C2
6th edition, 2010. | Published in collaboration with World Health Organisation and Clinton Health Access Initiative.
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Manual for Medicines Good Prescribing Practice (Ethiopia)

Food, Medicine and Health care Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (FMHACA) (2012) C1
2nd edition
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Joint request for selected preventive chemotherapy medicines and joint reporting form

World Health Organization WHO (2013) C_WHO
User Guide
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Selection of essential medicines for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in low and middle income countries

Bazargani, Y.T.; Ugurlu, M.; Leufkens, H.G.M. et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2018) CC
The incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) have been increasing, while access to CVDs medicines is suboptimal. We assessed selection of essential ... more
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Sources And Prices Of Selected Medicines for Children
recommended

Unicef, WHO (2010) C_WHO
Including Therapeutic Food, Dietary Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation - 2nd edition
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How to Investigate Antimicrobial Use in Hospitals: Selected Indicators

USAID; Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems (2008) C1
The purpose of this manual is to define a limited number of indicators that will objectively describe the management and use of antimicrobials in hospitals and to provide tools and step-by-step instructions for designing and carrying out an assessme ... more
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Technology and Market Landscape Hepatitis C Medicines, August 2017
recommended

A.Hill, T. Swan and K.Timmermans World Health Organisation (WHO); UNITAID (2017) C_WHO
Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized treatment for hepatitis C. Combi- nations of DAAs can cure infection with HCV in 12 weeks, are highly effective and have limited side-effects. Affordability of DAAs has improved significantly, but access remains lim- i ... more
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Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines List for South Africa. Hospital Level: Paediatrics

Department of Health, Republic of South Africa (2017) C1
Fourth Edition
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International instruments on the use of antimicrobials across the human, animal and plant sectors

the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) C_WHO
The publication provides an overview and analysis of international instruments that set standards related to the use of antimicrobials across the human, animal and plant sectors, and their release into the environment. The purpose of the document is ... more
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Innovative delivery systems for paediatric medicines

World Health Organization WHO; Unitaid (2020) C_WHO
Technology landscape
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Guidelines Storage Essential Medicines And Other Health Commodities

World Health Organization WHO; Deliver; UNICEF (2006) C_WHO
Maintaining proper storage conditions for health commodities is vital to ensuring their quality. Product expiration dates are based on ideal storage conditions and protecting product quality until their expiration date is important for serving customers and conserving resources. Guidelines for the S ... more
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Guideline on the Use of Devices for Adult Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention

Julia Samuelson, Rachel Baggaley, Gottfried Hirnschall et al World Health Organization (2013) C_WHO
Male circumcision reduces a man’s risk of heterosexual acquisition of HIV by about 60%. This guideline provides an evidence-based recommendation on the use of adult male circumcision devices for HIV prevention in public health programmes in high H ... more
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Acceptable medical reasons for use of breast-milk substitutes

World Health Organization (2009)
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Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection in Infants

World Health Organization (2012) CC
Programmatic update April 2012 Executive Summary