the aid library

LIST OPTIONS

Filter

2312

Surveillance, prevention and control of leishmaniases in the European Union and its neighbouring countries

European Centre for disease prevention and control (ECDC) European Centre for disease prevention and control (ECDC) (2022) C_CDC

This technical report presents the epidemiology of human and animal leishmaniases in the EU and its neighbouring countries and concludes that the disease remains widespread and underreported in many countries of southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East and that there is a need to improv... more

Download (153)

View PDF (183)

The Interconnected Threat of Antibiotic Resistance

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) C_CDC

Resistance happens when germs (bacteria and fungi) defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Any antibiotic use—in people, animals, or crops—can lead to resistance. Resistant germs are a One Health problem—they can spread between people, animals, and the environment.

External Link

How does antimicrobial resistance spread? - Animation

European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC (2017) C2

How does antibiotic resistance spread? Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to combat the action of one or more antibiotics. Humans and animals do not become resistant to antibiotic treatments, but bacteria carried by humans and animals can.

Download (199)

View PDF (255)

The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC; EFSA EFSA Journal (2021) CC

This report of the EFSA and ECDC presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2020 in 27 EU Member States (MS) and nine non-MS. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically.

External Link

Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis

Hopkins, D.; Weiss, A.; Roy, S. et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report MMWR; National Libary of Medicine (2020) CC

Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease), caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis, is traditionally acquired by drinking water containing copepods (water fleas) infected with D. medinensis larvae, but in recent years also appears increasingly to be transmitted by eating fish or other aquatic anima... more

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Guidance for the African Region

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Antimicrobials are medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to these medicines, ren... more

External Link

Factsheet for the general public - Antimicrobial resistance

European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC (2019) C2

Antibiotics, also known as antimicrobial drugs, are medicines that can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria to cure infections in people, animals and sometimes plants. Antibiotics are medicines for bacterial infections (such as pneumococcal pneumonia or staphylococcal bloodstream infections); anti... more

External Link

One Health Basics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2022) CC

One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach — working at the local, regional, national, and global levels — with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.

External Link

Rabies Frequently Asked Questions

National Institute for Communicable Disease NICD (2021) CC

Rabies is a zoonotic, vaccine-preventable viral disease that causes damage to the brain and spinal cord in infected animals and humans. A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Rabies is nearly 100% fatal once symptoms appear.

Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

External Link

Africa CDC World Antimicrobial Awareness Week 2020 Resources and Social media Toolkit

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) CC

Such as antibiotics, antivirals, antiparasitics, and antifungals are important for infectious disease control in humans, animals and plants, but they can only continue to be effective if we use them responsibly and according to professional advice. Available in English, French and Portuguese

2nd International Conference on Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Scientific Report

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Africa CDC (2019) C_CDC

In 2007, WHO warned that infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging at a rate that has not been seen before. The potential for infectious diseases to spread rapidly results in high morbidity and mortality, causing a potential global public health treat of major concern. Several factors are ... more

National Monkeypox Public Health Response Guidelines

Federal Ministry of Health - Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (2019) CC

Since the re-emergence of monkeypox in Nigeria in September 2017, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control(NCDC) has continued to receive reports and respond to cases of the disease from States across the country. Between September 2017 when the outbreak started and November 2018, about 300 suspecte... more

External Link

Guide for the Medical, Veterinary and allied Professions

Bishop, G.; Durrheim, D.; Kloeck, P. et al. Department: Agriculture, Foresty and Fisheries - Republic of South Africa (2010) CC

Rabies is a disease of animals but too often the outcome is gauged in terms of human suffering and death. Despite this, in areas of the world where rabies is endemic there is often a lack of communication between veterinary and medical professionals, to the extent that the disease continues to thri... more

A rapid review of evidence on the managing the risk of disease emergence in the wildlife trade

World Animal Health Organization (OIE) (2021) C_WHO

A rapid review of evidence on the managing the risk of disease emergence in the wildlife trade - World Animal Health Organization (OIE)

External Link

Echinococcosis Key facts

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by parasites, namely tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus.

External Link

Epidemiology of Rabies

Rabies - Bulletin - Europe; Rabies Information System of the World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

All lyssaviruses have evolved closely with distinct natural reservoir hosts. The latter are animals species in which a pathogen of an infectious disease are maintained independently. For lyssaviruses, these are a wide range of mammalian species within the Carnivora and Chiroptera (bats) orders with ... more

External Link

Introduction: Leptospirosis Fact Sheet

World Health Organization WHO (2009) C_WHO

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic organisms belonging to the genus Leptospira, that are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. Leptospirosis is a major direct zoonosis. Humanto-human transmission occurs only very rarely.

External Link

A conceptual framework for the environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance

Patricia M.C. Huijbers, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D.G. Joakim Larsson Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg (2019) C2

The systematic surveillance of antibiotic use and antibiotic re-sistance prevalence in humans and animals is imperative for managingbacterial infectious disease (JPIAMR, 2019;WHO, 2015). Many low-income countries currently face substantial challenges in building national surveillance systems due to ... more

External Link

Leishmaniasis Key Facts

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) (2022) C_WHO

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease with a wide variety of parasite species, reservoirs, and vectors involved in transmission. It is caused by different species of the protozoa Leishmania and is transmitted to animals and humans through a bite of insects in the Psychodidae family. Its presence i... more