TB policies in 24 Countries
A survey of prevention, testing and treatment policies and practices
Лечение туберкулеза в 24 странах
Исследование диагностической и клинической практики
Исследование этого года основано на предыдущем отчете. В нем отслеживается утверждение последних стратегий, руководств и методов в пяти сферах: диагностика и иссл...едование лекарственной устойчивости, режимы лечения лекарственно-чувствительного туберкулеза и туберкулеза с МЛУ, модели лечения и нормативная база.
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Growing evidence indicates that large proportions of children around the world experience physical, sexual and emotional violence every year, with enormous implications for human rights, public health and economic and social development.1 Over the last five years, national governments and Together f...or Girls – a global public-private partnership comprising UNICEF,
other United Nations (UN) agencies, the United States (US) Government and various private sector agencies – have worked to mobilize and sustain a global movement to end violence against children, with a focus on sexual violence against girls.
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Risk assessment and priority interventions
Miscellaneous
Chapter J.7
La Convención de los Derechos del Niño (Convención) de las Naciones
Unidas (ONU) y documentos relacionados tienen el potencial de mejorar
enormemente varias dimensiones de la vida de los niños (definidos como
desde el nacimiento hasta la los 18 años, dependiendo de la cultura), ofreciendo
p...rotección ante el abuso, fortaleciendo la relación de los niños con sus familias
y garantizando la realización del potencial individual. Estos documentos van
más allá de implicaciones para los gobiernos y deben considerarse en relación
con todas las actividades profesionales relacionadas con la vida de los niños,
incluyendo la práctica clínica, la investigación, la participación y educación.
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Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children, imposing a consistent burden on health system. In recent years, prevalence of asthma symptoms became globally increased in children and adolescents, particularly in Low-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Host (genetics, atopy) and environmental fa...ctors (microbial exposure, exposure to passive smoking and air pollution), seemed to contribute to this trend. The increased prevalence observed in metropolitan areas with respect to rural ones and, overall, in industrialized countries, highlighted the role of air pollution in asthma inception. Asthma accounts for 1.1% of the overall global estimate of “Disability-adjusted life years” (DALYs)/100,000 for all causes. Mortality in children is low and it decreased across Europe over recent years. Children from LMICs particularly suffer a disproportionately higher burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. Global asthma-related costs are high and are usually are classified into direct, indirect and intangible costs. Direct costs account for 50–80% of the total costs. Asthma is one of the main causes of hospitalization which are particularly common in children aged < 5 years with a prevalence that has been increased during the last two decades, mostly in LMICs. Indirect costs are usually higher than in older patients, including both school and work-related losses. Intangible costs are unquantifiable, since they are related to impairment of quality of life, limitation of physical activities and study performance. The implementation of strategies aimed at early detect asthma thus providing access to the proper treatment has been shown to effectively reduce the burden of the disease.
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Bonchial asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in the world. In Kenya, it has been estimated that about 7.5% of the Kenyan population, nearly 4 million people, are currently living with asthma. Many cases tend to be underdiagnosed and undertreated which leads to high levels of morbid...ity and avoidable deaths. The consequences of poorly controlled asthma, including physical, mental, social, and economic impacts, are magnified in the poor on account of poor access to asthma services and sub-optimal quality of those services. With these guidelines, Kenya's Ministry of Health aims to work towards embedding asthma care in Universal Health Care (UHC) to ensure that quality asthma services are available in primary care settings with
referral networks strengthened for those who may require secondary and tertiary care. These national asthma guidelines will also ensure that treatment for asthma is standardized in both the public and the non-state health care sector.
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