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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

Preventing HIV misdiagnosis: implementation guide

World Health Organization WHO (2024) CC

HIV testing programmes need to ensure that all clients who test for HIV are provided with correct diagnoses. The accuracy of HIV testing is critical to prevent misdiagnosis, as the consequences of giving an incorrect test result can be serious for clients, HIV testing services, HIV programmes and pu... more

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Guidance for the African Region

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Antimicrobials are medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to these medicines, ren... more

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Humanitarian Assistance In Disaster Situations

PAHOWorld Health Organization (1999) C_WHO

A guide for effective aid

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Tuberculosis Flip Chart (Khmer)

Family Health Planning (2015) CC

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Protect yourself and your family from violence (Burmese Version)

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2015) C1

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Atención nutricional en situaciones de emergencia para niñas y niños menores de 5 años y mujeres gestantes y lactantes

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2021) C_UNICEF

Rotafolio para el Agente Comunitario y las Familias durante las visitas domiciliarias

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Syrian Arab Republic: Overview of hard-to-reach areas and besieged communities (as of 18 November 2016)

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2016) C1

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A position statement and practical guide to the use of particulate filtering facepiece respirators (N95, FFP2, or equivalent) for South African health workers exposed to respiratory pathogens includin

Dheda, K.; et al. (2022) CC

Afr J Thoracic Crit Care Med 2021;27(4):Published online 22 October 2021. https://doi.org/10.7196/AJTCCM.2021.v27i4.173

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Emergency Response Framework

World Health Organization (2013) C_WHO

The 2nd edition is publised in 2017.

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Counseling the Obstetric Fistula Client

EngenderHealthFistuale Care (2012)

A Trainings Curriculum

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Counseling the traumatic Fistula client. Supplemement

EngenderHealth (2012) CC

A Supplement to the obstetrical fistula counseling curriculum

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Sudan: UNAMID, February 2015

UN Cartographic Section (2015)

External Link

Household Water Treatment Ceramic Filtration

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2008) C_CDC

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Guiding principles for feeding non-breastfed children 6-24 months of age

World Health Organization WHO (2005) C_WHO

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Information Sheet for People with Schizophrenia

The Community Care For People With Schizophrenia In India (COPSI) Study (2015) CC

External Link

Проведение мероприятий во время пандемии COVID-19 : краткий аналитический обзор ВОЗ, 2 августа 2021

Всемирная организация здравоохранения (2021) C_WHO

Мероприятия – это события, для которых характерна концентрация людей в определенном месте с конкретной целью в течение установленного периода времени (1). Цель н... more

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Atrapados en la tormenta de la COVID-19: la salud de la mujer, el niño y el adolescente en el contexto de la CSU y los ODS: informe 2020: resumen de orientación

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

Mothers, newborns, young children and adolescents are losing 20 percent of their health and social services due to the COVID-19 pandemic says a Panel of senior global health experts.

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WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Russian Version

World Health Organization WHO (2016) C_WHO

Рекомендации ВОЗ по оказанию дородовой помощи для формирования положительного опыта беременности

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Antimalarial drug policy for Ghana

Ministry of Health Ghana (2009) C1

Revised Edition