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Current epidemiological evidence for predisposition to high or low intensity human helminth infection: a systematic review

Wright J.E., Werkman M., Dunn J.C. et al Parasites and Vectors (2018) C2

Background: The human helminth infections include ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infections, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis. It is estimated that almost 2 billion people worldwide are infected with helminths. Whilst the WHO treatment guidelines for helminth infecti...ons are mostly aimed at controlling morbidity, there has been a recent shift with some countries moving towards goals of disease elimination through mass drug administration, especially for LF and onchocerciasis. However, as prevalence is driven lower, treating entire populations may no longer be the most efficient or cost-effective strategy. Instead, it may be beneficial to identify individuals or demographic groups who are persistently infected, often termed as being “predisposed” to infection, and target treatment at them. Methods: The authors searched Embase, MEDLINE, Global Health, and Web of Science for all English language, humanbased papers investigating predisposition to helminth infections published up to October 31st, 2017. The varying definitions used to describe predisposition, and the statistical tests used to determine its presence, are summarised. Evidence for predisposition is presented, stratified by helminth species, and risk factors for predisposition to infection are identified and discussed. Results: In total, 43 papers were identified, summarising results from 34 different studies in 23 countries. Consistent evidence of predisposition to infection with certain species of human helminth was identified. Children were regularly found to experience greater predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium than adults. Females were found to be more predisposed to A. lumbricoides infection than were males. Household clustering of infection was identified for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and S. japonicum. Ascaris lumbricoides and T. trichiura also showed evidence of familial predisposition. Whilst strong evidence for predisposition to hookworm infection was identified, findings with regards to which groups were affected were considerably more varied than for other helminth species. Conclusion: This review has found consistent evidence of predisposition to heavy (and light) infection for certain human helminth species. However, further research is needed to identify reasons for the reported differences between demographic groups. Molecular epidemiological methods associated with whole genome sequencing to determine ‘who infects whom’ may shed more light on the factors generating predisposition. more

Echinococcosis - English version

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO

Website last accessed on 09.04.2023 Human echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. More than one million people are affected by echinococcosis.

First Colombian consensus on congenital Chagas and clinical approach for women of child-bearing age diagnosed with Chagas

Cucunubá Z.M., Valencia-Hernándeza C.A. , Puerta C.J. et al (2017) C2

Congenital transmission of Chagas disease has not been extensively studied in Colombia, and there are no standardized processes in the health system regarding the specific diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this disease. To generate recommendations on congenital Chagas disease and Chagas in wom... more

Keeping the vector out: housing improvements for vector control and sustainable development

Kraef, C.; Röbbel, N. World Health Organization WHO (2017) C_WHO

Vector-borne diseases are responsible for 17% of the global burden of communicable diseases and more than 500 000 deaths annually. The ambitious global targets for the control of vector-borne diseases come in the context of the (re-)emergence of diseases, increasing resistances to insecticides and u... more

Leishmaniasis WHO Factsheet

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO

Website last accessed on 04.06.2023 Bites of infected female sand flies causes the disease. The visceral form attacks internal organs; the cutaneous form causes facial ulcers, disfiguring scars and disability. #BeatNTDs

Noma: training of health workers at national and district levels on skin-NTDs

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Noma (cancrum oris) is a serious gangrenous disease of the mouth and face, mainly affecting children aged 2 to 6 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite substantial knowledge gaps, it is reported to be linked with malnutrition, poor oral hygiene, immunosuppression, and living in extreme poverty situ... more

Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis

Hopkins, D.; Weiss, A.; Roy, S. et al. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report MMWR; National Libary of Medicine (2020) CC

Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease), caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis, is traditionally acquired by drinking water containing copepods (water fleas) infected with D. medinensis larvae, but in recent years also appears increasingly to be transmitted by eating fish or other aquatic anima... more

Onchocerciasis: the beginning of the end?

Hopkins, A. Community Eye Health Jornal (2019) CC

Onchocerciasis causes skin and eye disease, visual impairment and neurological problems. It is mostly found in Africa, but also in Latin America and Yemen. The common name, ‘river blindness,’ gives a good indication where the disease can be found: the vector of the parasite, a small black fly of... more

Leishmaniasis Treatment Market Size, Share, Industry Growth, Trend, Business Opportunities, Challenges, Drivers and Restraint Research Report by 2028

Reports and Data BioSpace (2022) C1

High prevalence of target diseases in rural and developing nations, increased prevalence of malnutrition across the globe, lack of hygiene and poor sanitation facilities, Migratory patterns of population, introduction of new chemical entity in the field of therapeutics, favorable government regulati... more

Rabies & One Health: From basics to cross-sectoral action to stop human rabies deaths

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease most often transmitted to people via bites from infected dogs. This course provides a general introduction to rabies, and the One Health approach currently taken to prevent it. It consists of seven video-lectures, demonstration videos, and lessons learnt from peopl... more

Leishmania

National Organization for Rare Disorders NORD (2019) CC

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus, Leishmania. Protozoa are microscopic, single-celled organisms. The parasites that cause the disease are transmitted to people through the bites of certain species of infected sand flies.

The social context of schistosomiasis and its control

Brunn, B.; Aagaard-Hansen, J.; Watts, S. World Health Organization WHO (2008) C_WHO

Schistosomiasis is widely recognized as a disease that is socially determined. An understanding of the social and behavioural factors linked to disease transmission and control should play a vital role in designing policies and strategies for schistosomiasis prevention and control. To this must be a... more

The social context of schistosomiasis and its control: an introduction and annotated bibliography

Bruun, B.; Aagaard-Hansen, J.; Watts, S. World Health Organization WHO; Institutional Repository for Information Sharing iris (2008) C_WHO

Schistosomiasis is widely recognized as a disease that is socially determined. An understanding of the social and behavioural factors linked to disease transmission and control should play a vital role in designing policies and strategies for schistosomiasis prevention and control. To this must b... more

Fact sheet Schistosomiasis

World Health Organization WHO (2014) C_WHO

Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. At least 249 million people required preventive treatment in 2012. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity.

National Guidline on Management of Leptospirosis

Epidemiology Unit Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine Sri Lanka (2016) CC

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic illness with a global disease burden impacting both developed and developing nations. It is caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. The pathogenic L.interrogans has more than 250 serovars arranged in 25 serogroups. In Sri Lanka, suspected leptospirosi... more

Elimination of human rabies in Goa, India through an integrated One Health approach

Gibson, A.; Yale, G.; Corfmat, J.; et al. nature communications (2022) CC

Rabies is a devastating and societally important zoonotic disease, which is transmitted principally to humans through the bite of infected dogs. This acute, progressive viral encephalitis has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease and kills tens of thousands of people annually, with chi... more

Rabies in India

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Rabies is a vaccine-preventable viral disease which occurs in more than 150 countries and territories. Dogs are the source of the vast majority of human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of all rabies transmissions to humans.

Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis: report of a WHO Expert Committee

World Health Organization WHO (2013) C_WHO

The previous report of the WHO Expert Committee on this disease followed a meeting in 1995. Intensive, coordinated efforts against HAT during the intervening 18 years have resulted in a decrease in incidence to a point at which elimination is considered feasible. This report provides informati... more

Echinococcosis - Arabic version

World Health Organization WHO (2023) C_WHO

Website last accessed on 09.04.2023 Human echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. More than one million people are affected by echinococcosis.

Yaws: Mass Treatment with Single-Dose Azithromycin for Yaws

Mitjá, O. et al The New England Journal of Medicine (2015) CC

Yaws, an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, is endemic in many parts of the world. A community-wide treatment program in Papua New Guinea, in which a single dose of azithromycin was administered, showed substantial disease control. Watch the new Quick Take animation... more