Search database
LIST OPTIONS
Filter
403
Filtered Results: 403
Text search: WHO, UNODC
Featured
Language
Document type
No document type
257
Studies & Reports
67
Guidelines
19
Strategic & Response Plan
18
Infographics
17
Manuals
9
Situation Updates
6
Fact sheets
6
Resource Platforms
2
Training Material
1
App
1
Countries / Regions
Russia
26
Ukraine
19
Western and Central Europe
15
Global
15
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
13
Eastern Europe
12
Nepal
10
Myanmar / Burma
10
Nigeria
9
Asia
8
Kenya
7
Moldova
7
India
6
South–East Asia Region
6
Ethiopia
5
Zambia
5
South Africa
5
Bangladesh
5
Latin America and the Carribbean
5
Tajikistan
5
Senegal
4
Pakistan
4
Middle East and North Africa
4
Africa
4
Venezuela
4
Afghanistan
3
Namibia
3
North Macedonia
3
Colombia
3
Yemen
3
Uzbekistan
3
Sierra Leone
2
Uganda
2
Germany
2
Syria
2
Cambodia
2
Thailand
2
Mozambique
2
Sudan
2
Benin
2
Libya
2
Sri Lanka
2
West and Central Africa
2
Albania
2
Estonia
2
Kyrgyzstan
2
Georgia
2
Burkina Faso
1
Liberia
1
Congo, Democratic Republic of
1
Morocco
1
Ghana
1
Niger
1
Zimbabwe
1
South Sudan
1
Lebanon
1
Turkey
1
Tanzania
1
Indonesia
1
Malawi
1
Argentina
1
Eswatini/ Swaziland
1
Brazil
1
Serbia
1
Hungary
1
Lesotho
1
Mexico
1
East and Southern Africa
1
Bhutan
1
Italy
1
Armenia
1
Laos
1
Romania
1
Kazakhstan
1
Turkmenistan
1
Jamaica
1
Tunisia
1
Norway
1
Portugal
1
Authors & Publishers
UNAIDS
49
et al.
32
World Health Organization
22
World Health Organization WHO
20
PLH
16
WHO, UNICEF, UNODC, et al.
16
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
15
World Health Organization (Europe)
12
World Health Organisation (WHO)
10
United Nations Office on Drug and Crime UNODC
9
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
9
UNICEF
8
Stop TB Partnership
7
UNODC
7
World Health Organization (WHO)
7
UNFPA
6
D. Raben
5
END TB
5
Eurasian Harm Reduction Network
5
Human Rights Watch
5
UNOPS
5
World Drug Report 2017
5
Centre for Health & Infectious Disease Research
4
Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
4
International Organization for Migration IOM
4
Research Gate
4
UNDP
4
USAID
4
WHO
4
A. Kamarulzaman
3
A. Latypov
3
A. Sönnerborg
3
C. Beyrer
3
C. Daniels
3
C. Smyth, et al.
3
E. Aaraj
3
European Union
3
FG Consulting Group
3
G. Sander
3
Harm Reduction International
3
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA)
3
National AIDS
3
ONUSIDA
3
UN Children's Fund UNICEF
3
UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR
3
UN Women
3
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)
3
UNAIDS, UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
3
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)
3
B. Pick
2
British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research
2
Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
2
C. Daniels, et al.
2
Centre for Health & Infectious Disease Research (CHIP)
2
D. Wolfe
2
E. Subata
2
F. Nakagawa
2
Federal HIV
2
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
2
IACAPAP
2
ICRC
2
Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development
2
International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies
2
J. Klinte
2
M. Mansfeld
2
M. Ristola
2
M. Smelyanskaya, J. Duncan (The Focus Group Consulting)
2
mhGAP
2
Ministry of Health, Zambia
2
reliefweb
2
S. F. Jakobsen
2
SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV
2
The Global Fund To fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
2
UNESCO
2
United Nations (UN)
2
United Nations Development Programme Bangkok Regional Hub
2
United Nations in Moldova
2
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), USAID
2
United Nations office on drugs and crime (Vienna)
2
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC
2
United Nations Population Fund
2
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
2
UNODC (United Nations of Drugs and Crime)
2
USAID (From the American People)
2
WHO Collaborating Centre on HIV and Viral Hepatitis
2
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East-Asia
2
(CDC) Center for disease control and prevention
1
A. Abdulmoneim
1
A. Armstrong
1
A. Baddeley
1
A. Ball
1
A. Bolotbaeva
1
A. Boltaev
1
A. D. Meundi, M. D. Meundi, B. B. Dhabadi
1
A. D. Meundi, M. D. Meundi, B. B. Dhabadi, et al.
1
A. Kamensa, S. Olsena
1
A. Mejia
1
A.I. Kryvoruk
1
A.V. Sudakova
1
Abdulrahim, D.
1
Addiction Rehab Treatment Centre
1
AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa
1
AIDSinfo
1
Alan J Budney & Catherine Stanger
1
Alexander Butchart, David Brown, Andrew Wilson, and Christopher Mikton
1
Alexander Butchart, Susan Hillis, Angela Burton et al.
1
and O. Bowden-Jones
1
and W. Scholten
1
Ashdin Publishing Journal of Drig and Alcohol Research
1
Asian Development Bank
1
ATLAS on substance use (2010)— Resources for the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder
1
Ayala, George
1
B. Herstad
1
Beverly D Glass
1
BMC
1
BMZ
1
Bureau of international labor affairs
1
C.Victor
1
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HHS-CDC)
1
Central Asia-Caucasus Institute
1
Centre for Heath & Infectious Disease Research
1
Chang, Judy et al.
1
Collective Service RCCE
1
Common Sense for Drug Policy
1
Culture and Development Section
1
D. Burrows
1
D. Haslam
1
D. Hedrich
1
D. Lowe, D. Hales
1
D. Ocheret
1
D. Otiashvili
1
D. Riley
1
Danish Refugee Council DRC
1
Darika Saingam
1
DATER House
1
Department of Health, Republic of South Africa
1
Dept. of Health, Republic of South Africa
1
Dr. M. Gurung
1
Drug War Facts
1
D’A. Richardson
1
D’Arcy Richardson, PATH, and Greg Pirio, Empower Communications
1
E. Subata,
1
echo.net
1
Edições UNESCO (Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura)
1
ehra (eurasian harm reduction association)
1
EMCDDA
1
et al. (Джеймса Баера
1
et al.)
1
EU European Union
1
Europäische Beobachtungsstelle für Drogen und Drogensucht (EMCDDA)
1
European Asylum Support Office
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
1
F. Hariga
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
1
FHI 360
1
G. Ayala
1
G. Gogia
1
G. Jonboboeva
1
G. Likatavicius
1
G. Monaghan
1
G. Pirio
1
G. Sander, A. Scandurra, A. Kamenska, et al.
1
G. Sander, R. Lines
1
G. Shaw
1
G. Weiler
1
GIZ
1
Global AIDS Program (GAP)
1
Global Commission on Drug Policy
1
Global Forum on MSM & HIV
1
Global smart
1
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
1
Government of Nepal, UN Country Team in Nepal
1
Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation
1
Government of the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Development Programme
1
Government of Zambia and the United Nations in Zambia
1
H. Drobna, C. Mallouris
1
H. Fuenzalida
1
H. Getahun
1
H. Visser, de Bruin S., Knoop J. et al.
1
Harm Reduction Journal
1
Health and Human Rights Journal
1
Health Policy Project
1
Health Poverty Action, International Drug Policy Consortium
1
Hindawi
1
hit.org.uk
1
Human Rights Watch, Congo Research Group - Groupe d’Étude sur le Congo
1
I. Eramova
1
I. Teplinskaya
1
ICASO
1
Indefes - Terre des Hommes
1
Independent Review Team
1
Infections & Morbidities
1
INPUD
1
Insight
1
Inter-Agency Standing Committee
1
Inter-agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises
1
Inter-Parliamentary Union (For democracy, For everyone)
1
International AIDS society
1
International AIDS Society (IAS)
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank
1
International Committee of the Red Cross
1
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IFRC
1
International Labour Organization
1
IOM
1
IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation)
1
J. Baer
1
J. Bear
1
J. Butler
1
J. D. Lundgren
1
J. V. Lazarus
1
Joe Schofield, Sarah Hess, Bandana Malhotra et al.
1
Joint HIV, TB and PMTCT Review Steering committee
1
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV
1
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS)
1
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
1
Justice and Corrections Service
1
K. Erdahl et al.
1
K. Stone
1
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG)
1
Kazembe, L.N. & Neema, I.
1
Khan, Ayesha
1
L. Davies
1
L. Kenny
1
L. Savikj
1
Latvian Centre for Human Rights
1
Legalife-Ukraine
1
Loulou Kobeissi
1
M. Beg
1
M. Couldrey
1
M. Danilovits
1
M. Dara, M. Grzemska, M. E. Kimerling, et al.
1
M. Doara, D. Choroliani, P. de Colombani
1
M. E. Medina-Mora
1
M. Golichenko
1
M. Herson
1
M. Hoekstra
1
M. R. Sanders
1
Ma. B. Alves de Souza
1
Maailma Terviseorganisatsioon (Euroopa)
1
Milani, B.
1
Ministry of Health
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
1
Ministry of Health , World Health Organisation (WHO)
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS), UNAIDS
1
Ministry of Health Nepal
1
Ministry of Health, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health, Kenya
1
Ministry of Health, Nutrition & Indigenous Medicine
1
Ministry of Health, Pakistan
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health, South Africa
1
Ministry of Heatlh and Social Welfare, Tanzania
1
Ministry of Interior
1
Mixed Migration Centre
1
MSMGF
1
Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports
1
N. D. Volkow
1
N. Thomson
1
N.V. Salabai
1
NACO
1
NACO India
1
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Abuja Nigeria
1
National AIDS Authority
1
National AIDS Commission (NAC)
1
National AIDS Commission (NAC) and Lesotho Correctional Services (LCS), Government of Lesotho
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1
National AIDS Control Program
1
National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC)
1
Neuropsychiatric hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria
1
Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network (NEPTUNE)
1
O. Morozova, S. Dvoryak a , ∗ , Frederick L. Altice
1
O. O. Simooyqa
1
O.M. Balakireva
1
OCHA Services reliefweb
1
Office des Nations Unies contre la drogue et le crime
1
Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions
1
Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children
1
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito
1
OMS
1
ONUDC
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS)
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud
1
Organización Mundial de la Salud (Las Americas) (World Health Organization)
1
Organización Panamericana de la Salud
1
P. de Colombani, S. Ahmedov, K. Blondal, et al.
1
P. J. de Vries
1
P. Ozório
1
Pan American Health Organisation PAHO
1
Paris Pact
1
Positive Women
1
Prison Department
1
Prisons Care & Counselling Association
1
R. Baggaley
1
R. Colebunders
1
R. Elovich
1
RAV
1
Refugee Study Centre
1
Rehabilitation Division
1
Reliefweb OCHA
1
Reliefweb OCHA Services
1
REPFAR
1
Republic of Moldova South‐East European Region National Coordination Council
1
Republic of Serbia Ministry of Health
1
Respuesta a Venezolanos
1
S. F.Jakobsen
1
S. Saxena
1
SCIENCEDOMAIN international
1
Seibert, L.
1
Silk Road Studies Program
1
Smith, Pamela
1
South Asia Democratic Forum
1
Springer Science+Business Media
1
SSRC
1
Svitanok
1
Swan
1
T. Khumalo
1
T. Osman
1
T. Rhodes
1
TB online
1
TB/CTA
1
The Estonian Ministry of Justice
1
The Global Fund
1
The Global Fund, UNAIDS
1
The High-Level Panel on International Financial Accountability, Transparency and Integrity for Achieving the 2030 Agenda (FACTI Panel)
1
The National AIDS Control Council of Kenya
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health, Department of Health, National AIDS Programme
1
Ties Boerma, Colin Mathers, Carla AbouZahr, Somnath Chatterji, Daniel Hogan and Gretchen Stevens
1
Ukrainian Institute for Social Research after Olexander Yaremenko
1
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
1
UN DESA
1
UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UNICRI
1
UN Sustainable Development Group UNSDG
1
UN Women UNODC
1
UN Youth Office
1
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)
1
UNCT Mozambique
1
UNCT South Africa
1
UNDP (Empowered lives, Resilient nations)
1
UNESCO Office Bangkok and Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific
1
UNESCO Publishing (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
1
UNHCR
1
UNHCR, WHO
1
UNICF
1
United Nations
1
United Nations - Environment Management Group (EMG)
1
United Nations and Partners
1
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1
United Nations Department of Peace Operations
1
United Nations Department of Peacekeeping operations
1
United Nations Division for Social Policy Development (DSPD) & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)
1
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Education
1
United Nations of Human Rights
1
United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
1
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA
1
United Nations Office on Drug and Crime UNODOC
1
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (Regional Office for Central Asia)
1
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
1
United Nations Office4 on Drugs and Crime
1
United Nations on Drugs and Crime
1
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
1
United Office of Drugs and Crime, National Coordinating Unit Nigeria
1
United States Agency for International Development
1
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1
Universidad Católica Andrés Bello
1
University of Oxford
1
UNODC, UNO
1
USAID (U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)
1
USAID, StopTBPartnership
1
V. Ilyenkova
1
V. Oakeshott
1
V. Poznyak
1
Vikram Patel, Dan Chisholm, Tarun Dua et al.
1
W. A. Zule
1
WACD
1
WACD West Africa Comission on Drugs
1
WHO (OMS)
1
WHO (OMS) Afrique
1
WHO Regional Office for Europe
1
WHO, THE END TB STRATEGY
1
WHO, UNODC
1
WHO, UNODC, MKKH
1
WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS
1
WHO,УПН ООН,ЮНЭЙДС
1
Wiley Online Library
1
World Animal Health Organization (OIE)
1
World Food Programme (WFP)
1
World Health Organisation WHO
1
World Health Organization WHO
1
World Health Organization (Regional Office for South-East-Asia)
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office for Myanmar
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office for Myanmar
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Kenya Country Office
1
World Health Organization Europe
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Europe
1
World Health Organization WHO, UNICEF
1
World Health Organization, Europe
1
World Health Organization, UNAIDS, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1
World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1
Youth Lead
1
Анджела Ми, Тибо ле Пишон, Коэн Буссинк e tal.
1
Всеми́рная организа́ция здравоохране́ния
1
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (Европейское)
1
Г-жа M. Mansfeld
1
Г-н Z. T. Gavry
1
Д-р M. Dara
1
Дженнифер Батлер
1
Джорджа Айалы
1
Жилберт Жерро, Николас Кларк
1
Київський міжнародний інститут соціології, Державна соціальна служба для сім’ї, дітей та молоді, unicef
1
Организация Объединенных Наций
1
Организация Объединенных Наций, UNODC
1
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ НАЦИЙ ПО НАРКОТИКАМ И ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ (Вена)
1
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ НАЦИЙ ПО НАРКОТИКАМ И ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ Вена
1
Фонд Организации Объединенных Наций в области народонаселения
1
Євгеній Польщиков, Олександр Красновський, Оксана Панасенко
1
Publication Years
Category
Countries
118
Women & Child Health
17
Public Health
10
Clinical Guidelines
9
Key Resources
1
Toolboxes
HIV
115
Mental Health
90
COVID-19
38
TB
28
Refugee
14
Conflict
10
Health Financing Toolbox
8
Global Health Education
7
Disability
3
Planetary Health
3
Pharmacy
3
NCDs
2
Rapid Response
1
AMR
1
 Download  (1249)
  View PDF  (1155)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Nepal HIV Investmant Plan 2014-2016

Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (2013) C1
 Download  (2631)
  View PDF  (1382)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Mental Health Care In Settings Where Mental Health Resources Are Limited

Smith, Pamela (2014) CC
An Easy-Reference Guidebook for Healthcare Providers In Developed and Developing Countries
 Download  (1012)
  View PDF  (1718)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Kenya AIDS Response Progress Report 2014 Progress towards Zero

The National AIDS Control Council of Kenya (2014) C1
 Add to my MEDBOX

The Integrated Bio-Behavioral Survey (IBBS) in Syria: 2013-2014 - Final Report

Loulou Kobeissi Government of the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Development Programme (2015) CC
Strengthening HIV prevention among most-at-risk populations (MARPs) in the Syrian Arab Republic:
 Download  (1074)
  View PDF  (1360)
 Add to my MEDBOX

HIV/AIDS strategic plan 2015-2020 in an investment case approach

Federal HIVAIDS Prevention and Control Office, Ethiopia (2014) C1
 Download  (425)
  View PDF  (891)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Operational Plan National AIDS/STD Programme (NASP) July 2011-July2016

National AIDSSTD Program, Directorate General of Health Services; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of Bangladesh (2011) C1
 Download  (283)
  View PDF  (531)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Synthesis of Migration Trends in and around Turkey

Danish Refugee Council DRC (2017) C1
 Add to my MEDBOX

Sierra Leone: Mental Health Policy 2010 - 2015

Government of Sierra Leone, Ministry of Health and Sanitation (2010) C1
 Download  (890)
  View PDF  (1693)
 Add to my MEDBOX

A child is a child

UNICEF (2017) CC
Protecting children on the move from violence, abuse and exploitation
 Download  (763)
  View PDF  (1281)
 Add to my MEDBOX

National AIDS Spending Assessment (NASA) for the Period: 2013-2014

Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria; National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA); UNAIDS (2014) C1
 Download  (950)
  View PDF  (1572)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Nigeria: End-of-Term Desk Review Report of the 2010 -2015 National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan

Independent Review Team; National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA); UNAIDS (2015) C1
 Download  (415)
  View PDF  (590)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) Survey among Female Injecting Drug Users in Kathmandu Valley, Round I, 2016

Ministry of Health Nepal; National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC) (2016) C1
 Download  (646)
  View PDF  (700)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Mainstreaming and Partnerships - A Multi-sectoral approach to strengthen HIV/AIDS response in India

National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2013) C1
 Download  (308)
  View PDF  (525)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Personas que consume drogas

FG Consulting Group; C. Daniels; C. Smyth, et al. Stop TB Partnership; UNOPS; END TB (2016) C1
Informe sobre poblaciones clave.
 External Link
 Add to my MEDBOX

Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Inmates and Staff of Three Indian Prisons

A. D. Meundi, M. D. Meundi, B. B. Dhabadi British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research; SCIENCEDOMAIN international (2015) C2
British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 11(4): 1-6, 2016, Article no.BJMMR.21444 ISSN: 2231-0614, NLM ID: 101570965 Published 27th September 2015
 Download  (260)
  View PDF  (480)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Improving Prison Conditions by Strengthening the Monitoring of HIV, HCV, TB and Harm Reduction (Latvia)

A. Kamensa, S. Olsena Latvian Centre for Human Rights; European Union (2016) C2
Mapping Report - Latvia.
 Download  (239)
  View PDF  (526)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Unjust and Unhealthy - HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons

AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa; Human Rights Watch; Prisons Care & Counselling Association (2010) C1
Zambia
 Download  (241)
  View PDF  (1234)
 Add to my MEDBOX

Overview of harm reduction in prisons in seven European countries

G. Sander, A. Scandurra, A. Kamenska, et al. (2016) CC
Harm Reduction Journal (2016) 13:28 DOI 10.1186/s12954-016-0118-x
 Download  (653)
  View PDF  (1169)
 Add to my MEDBOX

United Nations Development Assistance Framework for Nepal 2018-2022
recommended

Government of Nepal, UN Country Team in Nepal (2018) C1
The United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2018-2022 sets out the UN partnership aiming to support Nepal as it carves out its development agenda over the next five years. At the core of this new UNDAF are the SDGs, the Government of Nepal’s Fourteenth Plan, and international commi... more
 Download  (273)
  View PDF  (589)
 Add to my MEDBOX

National Strategic Plan on HIV and AIDS Myanmar 2016-2020

Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports (2017) C1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar’s National Strategic Plan on HIV/AIDS 2016–2020 is the strategic guide for the country’s response to HIV at national, state/regional and local levels. The framework describes the current dynamics of the HIV epidemic and articulates a strategy to optimize in... more