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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

Revised National Guidelines on Mpox

Wasif Malik, M.; et al. National Institute of Health, Pakistan (2024) CC

This document serves to provide interim guidance/ recommendations to carry out mpox surveillance activities mainly case investigation, contact tracing and isolation. For the development of this document WHO, UKHSA and CDC guidelines were referred to and adopted within the country context.

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Operational Guidelines for the Management of Drug Resistant TB in Tanzania
recommended

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The United Republic of Tanzania (2012) C1

NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS AND LEPROSY PROGRAMME

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Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS 200) India. Summary Report

Dept. of Women and Child Health Development, India; UNICEF India (2001)

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Organization of Case Management during a Cholera Outbreak

Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) World Health Organisation (WHO) (2017) C_WHO

Cholera epidemics continue to be a major public health problem in many countries around the world. When epidemics strike, they can spread rapidly. The disease can also evolve quickly; patients with severe disease can die of dehydration hours after showing the first symptoms of cholera.

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Tripanosomiasis americana o Enfermedad de Chagas: Desde el triángulo equilátero al escaleno

Leidi Herrera Tribuna del Investigador (2016) C1

Managing People with Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease during COVID-19: Considerations for Health Providers, 3 June 2020

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2020) C_WHO

Primary care health centers and providers who care for individuals with hypertension and cardiovascular disease have an important role to play in ensuring continued access to care, reducing the risk of coronavirus infection, and appropriately managing people with these co-morbidities who acquire COV... more

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Compednium of the Social Doctrine of the Church

Pointifical Council for Justice and Peace (2004) C2

TO HIS HOLINESS POPE JOHN PAUL II

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Direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and response in South Asia

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2021) C_UNICEF

It estimates that there have been 228,000 additional deaths of children under five in these six countries [Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka] due to crucial services, ranging from nutrition benefits to immunisation, being halted. It says the number of children being tr... more

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Don’t Leave Them Alone: The future of the cross-border response in north west Syria

ATAA Humanitarian Relief Association, BINAA for Development, Children Of One world, et al. Save the Children (2021) C1

This report, written by ATAA Humanitarian Relief Association, BINAA for Development, Children Of One world, Hand in Hand for Aid and Development, Horan Foundation, Hurras Network, MARAM Foundation, Orange Organization, Syrian American Medical Society, Save the Children and Shafak Organization, provi... more

COVID-19 Scientific and Public Health Policy Update – (6 July 2022)

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) C1

This bi-weekly brief details the latest developments in scientific knowledge and public health policy from around the world as well as updates to the COVID-19-related guidance from Africa CDC, WHO and other public health agencies.

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10 Insights on Climate Impacts and Peace

Detges, A.; Klingenfeld D. , König C., et al. adelphi (2020) C1

A summary of what we know

Exploring the Intersection of Sanitation, Hygiene, Water, and Health in Pastoralist Communities in Northern Tanzania

Barasa, V.; Waldman, L. IDS (2022) CC

This paper explores access to water, sanitation, and health in pastoral communities in northern Tanzania. It argues that the concept of gender, used on its own, is not enough to understand the complexities of sanitation, hygiene, water, and health. It explores pastoralists’ views and perspectives ... more

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Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century

Elmqvist, T.; Andersson E., Frantzeskaki N., et al. (2019) CC

Nature Sustainability | VOL 2 | APRIL 2019 | 267–273 | www.nature.com/natsustain

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Framework and toolkit for infection prevention and control in outbreak preparedness, readiness and response at the health care facility level

World Health Organization WHO (2022) C_WHO

Infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics are increasing in frequency, scale and impact. Health care facilities can amplify the transmission of emerging infectious diseases or multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) within their settings and communities. Therefore, evidence-based infection prevention ... more

Too lilttle, too slow- Too Little, Too Slow – Climate adaptation failure puts world at risk. Excecutive Summery

UN Enivronemnt Programme UNEP (2022) C1

As climate impacts intensify across the globe, nations must dramatically increase funding and implementation of actions designed to help vulnerable nations and communities adapt to the climate storm

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WHO Emergency Response Framework - Internal WHO procedures - Second Edition

World Health Organization WHO (2024) C_WHO

The ERF provides WHO staff with essential guidance on how the Organization manages the assessment, grading and response to public health events and emergencies with health consequences, in support of Member States and affected communities. The ERF adopts an all-hazards approach and it is therefore a... more

Guidance on the use of mpox vaccines. Revised edition

Pan American Health Organisation PAHO (2024) CC

Smallpox eradication was certified in 1980. Mpox has been endemic in Central and West African countries since it was first detected in 1958 . It is a zoonosis; cases are often found close to tropical rainforests where various animals carry the orthopoxvirus that causes the disease. In endemic countr... more

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Epidemic diarrhoeal disease preparedness and response. Training and practice. Participant's manual
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2014) CC

Accessed November 2014

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Ethiopia: Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) Technical Guideline

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health (2012) C1

Operational Guidelines for the Management of Drug Resistant TB in Tanzania recommended

Epidemic diarrhoeal disease preparedness and response. Training and practice. Participant's manual recommended

Operational Guidelines for the Management of Drug Resistant TB in Tanzania
recommended

Epidemic diarrhoeal disease preparedness and response. Training and practice. Participant's manual
recommended