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Infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity to prevent cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a systematic review

Durão, S.; Burns, J.; Schmidt, B. et al. BMC Public Health (2023) CC

Background Noncommunicable diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Modifying the risk factors for these conditions, such as physical inactivity, is thus essential. Addressing the context or circumstances in which physi...cal activity occurs may promote physical activity at a population level. We assessed the effects of infrastructure, policy or regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase and clinicaltrials.gov to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before-after (CBAs) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) studies assessing population-level infrastructure or policy and regulatory interventions to increase physical activity. We were interested in the effects of these interventions on physical activity, body weight and related measures, blood pressure, and CVD and type 2 diabetes morbidity and mortality, and on other secondary outcomes. Screening and data extraction was done in duplicate, with risk of bias was using an adapted Cochrane risk of bias tool. Due to high levels of heterogeneity, we synthesised the evidence based on effect direction. Results We included 33 studies, mostly conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 13 assessed infrastructure changes to green or other spaces to promote physical activity and 18 infrastructure changes to promote active transport. The effects of identified interventions on physical activity, body weight and blood pressure varied across studies (very low certainty evidence); thus, we remain very uncertain about the effects of these interventions. Two studies assessed the effects of policy and regulatory interventions; one provided free access to physical activity facilities and showed that it may have beneficial effects on physical activity (low certainty evidence). The other provided free bus travel for youth, with intervention effects varying across studies (very low certainty evidence). Conclusions Evidence from 33 studies assessing infrastructure, policy and regulatory interventions for increasing physical activity showed varying results. The certainty of the evidence was mostly very low, due to study designs included and inconsistent findings between studies. Despite this drawback, the evidence indicates that providing access to physical activity facilities may be beneficial; however this finding is based on only one study. Implementation of these interventions requires full consideration of contextual factors, especially in low resource settings. more

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Evaluation of UNICEF Programmes to Protect Children in Emergencies - Executive Summary

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2013)

EVALUATION REPORT | This evaluation is the first comprehensive global exercise to examine UNICEF’s programme response in protecting children in emergencies. Its purpose is to strengthen child protection<... more

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Participation handbook for humanitarian field workers - Involving crisis-affected people in a humanitarian response

ALNAP, Groupe URD - Groupe Urgence Rehabilitation Developpement (2009)

The Participation Handbook for humanitarian field workers contains detailed practical advice on the participation of affected people in humanitarian action. It has three sections: Developing a participatory approach (main issues, key factors,... more

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Special edition: HIV in MSM

I. Steffens; K. Hagmaier; K. Wilson; et al. Eurosurveillance (Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiology, prevention and control); European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2015) C2

Eurosurveillance Impact Factor 5.7 June 2015 www.eurosurveillance.org Featuring a series of articles on HIV and STI epidemiology, prevention and control among MSM in Europe

The climate crisis is a child rights crisis: Introducing the children’s climate risk index

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2021) C_UNICEF

Young people living in the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau are the most at risk of the impacts of climate change, threatening their health, education, and protection, and exposing them to deadly diseases. The repor... more

Guidelines on Clinical Management of Chikungunya Fever

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia (2007) C_WHO

The socioeconomic factors and public health inadequacies that facilitated the rapid spread of this infection continue to exist. As it is a new and emerging disease it has not received sufficient coverage yet in the medical curricula of Member States... more

Implementing the Global Compact on Refugees for children: Examples of child-focused work

Save the Children, Terre des Hommes (2020) CC

Children in refugee situations face many potential dangers, such as violence, abuse, exploitation, discrimination, separation from their families, trafficking and military recruitment. The impact of these experiences can be devastating and long-lasting. Children have different needs from adults and ... more

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Nutrition Strategic Shift Thin Piece

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2022) C_UNICEF

UNICEF Syria’s series of think pieces. Every day counts. An outlook on child protection for the most vulnerable children in Syria.To navigate the complex and continuously changing context and attain sustainable results for children, UNICEF – alo... more

COVID-19 infection prevention and control for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings. First Update

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC (2020) C1

Infection prevention and control (IPC) practices are of critical importance in protecting the function of healthcare services at all levels and mitigating the impact on vulnerable populations. Although the management of possible COVID-19 cases is us... more

Rights in a pandemic – Lockdowns, rights and lessons from HIV in the early response to COVID-19

UNAIDS (2020) C_WHO

These include taking proactive measures to ensure that people, particularly people in vulnerable groups, can access HIV treatment and prevention services, designating and supporting essential workers, including community-led organizations, and imple... more

COVID 19 Vaccine Perceptions: A 15 country study
recommended

African Union; Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; World Health Organization WHO, et al. (2021) CC

Initial public health responses to control the pandemic focused on promoting protective behaviors among the general population, including frequent hand washing, physical distancing and the use of face masks in public spaces However, many saw these o... more

Modelling COVID-19 Risk in Kenya To Enhance Humanitarian Response

Kenya Red Cross (2021) C1

This study looked at structural risk factors to COVID-19 that existed before the outbreak and may have direct and indirect effects on COVID-19 risk across all the 47 counties in Kenya. These factors... more

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