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Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map

Van Katwyk, S. R.; Grimshaw, J. M.; et al (2019) C2

BACKGROUND: Growing political attention to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) offers a rare opportunity for achieving meaningful action. Many governments have developed national AMR action plans, but most have not yet implemented policy interventions to reduce antimicrobial overuse. A systematic evidenc...e map can support governments in making evidence-informed decisions about implementing programs to reduce AMR, by identifying, describing, and assessing the full range of evaluated government policy options to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 28, 2019, (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PAIS Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and PubMed). We identified studies that (1) clearly described a government policy intervention aimed at reducing human antimicrobial use, and (2) applied a quantitative design to measure the impact. We found 69 unique evaluations of government policy interventions carried out across 4 of the 6 WHO regions. These evaluations included randomized controlled trials (n = 4), non-randomized controlled trials (n = 3), controlled before-and-after designs (n = 7), interrupted time series designs (n = 25), uncontrolled before-and-after designs (n = 18), descriptive designs (n = 10), and cohort designs (n = 2). From these we identified 17 unique policy options for governments to reduce the human use of antimicrobials. Many studies evaluated public awareness campaigns (n = 17) and antimicrobial guidelines (n = 13); however, others offered different policy options such as professional regulation, restricted reimbursement, pay for performance, and prescription requirements. Identifying these policies can inform the development of future policies and evaluations in different contexts and health systems. Limitations of our study include the possible omission of unpublished initiatives, and that policies not evaluated with respect to antimicrobial use have not been captured in this review. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study to provide policy makers with synthesized evidence on specific government policy interventions addressing AMR. In the future, governments should ensure that AMR policy interventions are evaluated using rigorous study designs and that study results are published. more

Our Risk For Infectious Diseases Is Increasing Because of Climate Change

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) NCEZID, CDC (2018) C_CDC

As the nation’s public health leader, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is actively engaged in a national effort to protect the public’s health from the harmful effects of cli... more

Cadre opérationnel pour renforcer la résilience des systèmes de santé face au changement climatique

Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS (2017) C_WHO

The framework responds to the demand from Member States and partners for guidance on how the health sector and its operational basis in health systems can systematically and effectively address the ... more

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Modelling the effects of global climate change on Chikungunya transmission in the 21st century

Tjaden, N.B.; J.E. Suk, D. Fischer et al. Nature Scientific Reports (2017) CC

The arrival and rapid spread of the mosquito-borne viral disease Chikungunya across the Americas is one of the most significant public health developments of recent years, preceding and mirroring the subsequent spread of Zika. Globalization in trade... more

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Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution

Cyril Caminade, Sari Kovats, Joacim Rocklov et al. PNAS (2014) CC

PNAS | March 4, 2014 | vol. 111 | no. 9 Malaria is an important disease that has a global distribution and significant health burden. The spatial limits of its distribution and seasonal activity are sensitive to climate factors, as well as the loca... more

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Dengue in a changing climate

Kristie L. Ebi, Joshua Nealon (2016) C1

Environmental Research Volume 151, November 2016, Pages 115-123 Dengue is the world’s most important arboviral disease in terms of number of people affected. Over the past 50 years, incidence increased 30-fold: there were approximately 390 million infections in 2010. Globalization, trade, travel,... more

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Supporting the global biodiversity agenda

United Nations - Environment Management Group (EMG) (2020) C2

A United Nations System Commitment for Action to assist Member States delivering on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework

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Global Biodiversity Outlook 5

Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) C2

Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO) is the flagship publication of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It is a periodic report that summarizes the latest data on the status and trends of biodiversity and draws conclusions relevant to the further implementation of the Convention. GBO-5 provi... more

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Global Biodiversity Outlook 5 - arabic version

Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) C2

Perspectiva Mundial sobre la Diversidad Biológica 5

Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) C2

La Perspectiva Mundial sobre la Diversidad Biológica (PMB) es la principal publicación del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB). Se trata de un informe periódico que resume los datos más recientes sobre la situación y las tendencias de la biodiversidad y extrae conclusiones pertinentes... more

Perspectives mondiales de la diversité biologique 5

Convention on Biological Diversity (2020) C2

Les Perspectives mondiales de la biodiversité (PMB) sont la publication phare de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB). Il s'agit d'un rapport périodique qui résume les dernières données sur l'état et les tendances de la biodiversité et tire des conclusions pertinentes pour la pour... more

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A multi-billion-dollar opportunity - Repurposing agricultural support to transform food systems

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO; et al. (2021) C2

This report sets out the compelling case for repurposing harmful agricultural producer support to reverse this situation, by optimizing the use of scarce public resources, strengthening economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, and ultimately driving a food systems transformation that can suppor... more

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Gardening in sacks - A technique of vertical agriculture

Andres A. Solidaritées international (2016) C2

You are currently intervening or wishing to intervene in a dense urban context to respond to issues of food security and improve livelihood conditions? This handbook is for you! Following the evaluation of all of its sack-gardening projects, SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL (SI) wished to formalise... more

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An agroecological Europe by 2050: What impact on land use, trade and global food security?

Schiavo M., Le Mouël C., Poux X., et. al. (2021) C2

This Study presents the key results of a research that analyses the implications of an ambitious agroecological transition across Europe, following the TYFA scenario. Published in 2018, what it proposes by 2050 is fully aligned with the objectives that the European Farm to Fork and Biodiversity stra... more

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Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles

Amoeba Sisters (Regisseur) (2016) C2

Explore the cycling of carbon among carbon reservoirs! Then discover the importance of nitrogen, essential for amino acids and nucleotides, and learn about the nitrogen cycle! Expand details for table of contents. 👇 This video has a handout here: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts... Vocabular... more

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Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies

The Royal Society Publishing (2010) C2

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B (2010) 365, 2959–2971; doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0143. Agricultural ecosystems provide humans with food, forage, bioenergy and pharmaceuticals and are essential to human wellbeing. These systems rely on ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems, including pollination, b... more

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Review of forest and landscape restoration in Africa 2021

Food and Agricultur Organization of the United Nations FAO and NEPAD (2021) C2

English Analysis on World about Agriculture, Climate Change and Environment and more; published on 29 Sep 2021 by FAO and NEPAD

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The CAP and climate change

European Commission EC (2019) C2

Agriculture is highly exposed to climate change, as farming activities directly depend on climatic conditions. Agriculture also contributes to climate change through the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Two powerful greenhouse gases are by-products of agricultural activity: Methan... more

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The Hydrologic and Carbon Cycles: Always Recycle! - Crash Course Ecology #8

CrashCourse (2012) C2

Hank introduces us to biogeochemical cycles by describing his two favorites: carbon and water. The hydrologic cycle describes how water moves on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by energy supplied by the sun and wind. The carbon cycle does the same... for carbon! Like Crash Co... more

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Food Systems Dashboard

GAIN & Johns Hopkins University (2020) C2

This report uses the Food Systems Dashboard’s conceptual framework to define and describe food systems. It summarizes the components, drivers, and outcomes of food systems. The report also describes the food system typologies used in the Dashboard