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A. Judd

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A.W. Gelb, W.W. Morriss, W. Johnson, et al.

Abdel-All, M

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Ablo Prudence Wachinou, Serge Ade, Gildas Agodokpessi, Berenice Awanou, Dissou Affolabi, Wilfried Bekou, Marius Esse, Gabriel Ade, Severin Anagonou, Anthony D. Harries,1Programme National contre la Tuberculose (PNT), Cotonou, Bénin

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Access Campaign, Médecins sans Frontières

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ACTION global health advocacy partnership

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Alliance for Health Policy and System Research

Allwood, B.

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and D.V.Havlir

and P. Reijer

and S. Mauder

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ARASA AIDS & Human Rights Alliance for Southern Africa

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Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies

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Astle. B.

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Atun, R.

August Burns, Linda O’Neal Eckert, Susan Hariri et al

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Axsel, C.

Ayala, George

B-Lajoie,MR. O. Drouin,G. Bartlett, et al.

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B. H. Singer (Princeton University)

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Bamba S. , Zida A., Sangaré I. et al.

Banda, H.T. et al.

Banda, P

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Bateman, E.D.

Bay, N. et al.

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Bendavid E. et al.

Benjamin O Alli [et al.]

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Bernal O, López R, Montoro E, et al

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Bertozzi, Stefano

Best Care Always South Africa

Bethesda, MD: Health Finance & Governance Project, Abt Associates Inc.

Beverly D Glass

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Bham, A.

Bio Med Central

Bioline international

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Board on Global Health

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Bouchaud O., C. T. Ndour et al.

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Brunn, B.

Bruun, B.

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Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung BZgA

Bush, A.

by Mark Nunn, Annalies Borrel, Allison deFranco et al.

C. Kouambeng, R. Wounang et. al.

C. Beecroft

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C. C. Johnson

C. C. Onyedum, I. Alobu, K. N. Ukwaja

C. Contini, M. Maritari, M. die Nuzzo, et al.

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C. Giannou and M. Baldan

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C. Hanlon, A. Alem, C. Lund, et al.

C. Hasenkopf and K. Lee

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C. Kalpaki, M. Moudatsou, E. Maraki, et al.

C. Kollan

C. L. Moore

C. Lienhardt

C. M. Yuen, H. O. Weyenga, A. A. Kim, et al.

C. MacNamara, L. Varley, P. M. McNamara

C. Oprea

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C. Rae

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CAAP12

Calligaro, G.

Cambodian Insittute for Cooperation and Peace

Canadian Red Cross

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Cash R et al.

Castro, A.

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CDC et al.

CDC, KNCV, RIT, PHL, et. al

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Cecchini, M.

Cecil Konijnendijk, Dikshya Devkota, Stephanie Mansourian & Christoph Wildburger (eds.)

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Center for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organisation

Center for Pubic Health and Human Rights

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HHS-CDC)

Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and UNICEF Nepal

Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International

Central Statistical Office (CSO) [Swaziland], and Macro International Inc

Central Statistical Office (CSO) Zambia, Ministry of Health (MOH) Zambia, and ICF, et al.

Central Statistical Office Lusaka

Central TB Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Nirman Bhavan

Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare

Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

Centre for Heath & Infectious Disease Research

Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health (CMNH), from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)

Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis and Outbreak Response

Centrul Naţional de Management în Sănătate

Cercone, James

CG Working Group, Child Lung Health Section, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

Chagas Coalition

Chaitkin, Michael

Chakane, Ntema

Chama-Chiliba, C.

Chana, R

Chang, Judy et al.

Charlotte Lindsey-Curtet, Florence Tercier Holst-Roness and Letitia Anderson

Charlson, F.J.

Chatanga, Peter

Checchi F.

Chetty, S.

Children & AIDS

Children's HIV Services (Be their key to life)

Chimimba, F.

Christa L Fischer Walker, Igor Rudan, Li Liu, Harish Nair, et al.

Christensen, Alice et al.

Christina Brandes-Barbier, Véronique Millot, Tomas Allen et al

Christoffel-Blindenmission (CBM)

Christopher J.L. Murray1 & Julio Frenk

CIES IUL

CII Confederation of Indian Industry

Cilliers, J.

Circulation

Clare Gilbert

Claudia Hanson, Jonathan Cox, Godfrey Mbaruku, et al.

Clinical Infectious Diseases

ClinMed International Library

Clinton Health Access Initiative

CMAM Forum

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)

Cochrane

Cohen, R., Sharonann, L., Bygrave, H., et al

Collins, T.E.

Comic Relief

Comité internacional de la Cruz roja

Committee on Nervous System Disorders in Developing Countries

Commonwealth Health Partnerships

Community Eye Health

Compaign for tobacco-free Kids

Conant , J.

Conant, J.

Congressional Research Service

Consortium for Universities for Global Health

Cook, R.

Corbett, E. L.

CORE Group Nutrition Working Group, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), and Save the Children

Cornick, Picken, Wattrus et al.

Corrado Barbui, Tarun Dua, Kavitha Kolappa et al.

Cotton, M., et al.

Cristina Otero Garcia

Crofts, K.

CURATIO International Foundation

Curationis

Cureus

Currier, J.S.

Curry International Tuberculosis Center, State of California, California Health & Human Service Agency, Department of Public Health

Cynthia Green

D. A. Enarson, S. M. Kennedy, D. L. Miller, et al.

D. Adams

D. Barr

D. Breuer

D. C. Etal

D. D. Blanke

D. D. Bui

D. Daniels

D. Daniels, C. Smyth, et al.

D. Daniels, et al.

D. Evans

D. Ford

D. Gomez-Pastrana

D. Gökengin

D. Grace

D. H. Mulligan,

D. Hedrich

D. Kerrigan

D. Low-Beer

D. Lowe, D. Hales

D. Ocheret

D. Otiashvili

D. O’Mahony

D. P. Chin, C. L. Hanson

D. Richardson

D. Riley

D. Ruiz

D. S. Abebe

D. S. Nsagha

D. Stuckler, S. Basu, M. McKee, et al.

D. Wolfe

D. Yu

D.L. Terlonge

Dahal, P.

Damasceno, A

Danel, Isabella

Danyuttapolchai, J., S. Kittimunkong, S. Nateniyom, et al.

Debas, Haile T.

Decree of Minister of Health – Republic of Indonesia

Delia Grace

Delphine Sculier, Haileyesus Getahun, Reuben Granich

Dennis Falzon, Elizabeth Harausz, Ernesto Jaramillo et al.

Department of Aids Control, NACO, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

Department of Basic Education

Department of Disability and elderly affairs

Department of Health & Department of Basic Education, Republic of South Africa

Department of Health & Human Services

Department of Health (DOH), Republic of the Philippines

Department of Health Services Ministry of Health Nepal

Department of Health, South Africa & Macro International

Department of Labour, Republic of South Africa

Department of Planning and Health Information, Ministry of Health Cambodia

Department: Health Republic of South Africa

Departments of Health and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Republic of South Africa

Dept of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, South Africa

Dept. of Health

Dept. of HIV and AIDS

Detjen A, Gnanashanmugam D, Talens A

Deutsche Gesellschaft f&uuml

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tropenchirurgie

Dheda, K.

DHS

DHS Program

Differentiated service delivery

Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India

Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development Journal (DCIDJ)

Divisions of Community Health Services, UNICEF

Dladla, S.

DNTDs

Doherty, Meghan

Donaldson, Liam

Donkor, Peter

DOTS, WHO

Dove Medical Press Limited

Dovepress

Dr F Siyoi, Dr C Forshaw, Dr J Mbuva ,Dr M Thuo, Dr N Mucheru, Dr E Ominde-Ogaja, Dr R Mbindyo, Mrs R Kirika

Dr T Apalata, Dr C Bamford, Mr D Benjamin et al.

Dr. A. Kumar

Dr. B. Camara

Dr. J. Breda

Dr. Joseph Sitienei OGW

Dr. K. Asiedu

Dr. M. Dara

Dr. M. Gurung

Dr. M. Kavtaradze, Dr. S. Ciobanu

Dr. Md. R. Karim

Dr. N. Mohammad

Dr. Nathan Kenya Mugisha, Ministry of Health Uganda

Dr. R. S. Gupta

Dr. Raviglione, M.

Dr. S. Godinjak

Dr. Scherpbier, R.

Dr. V. R. Kandula

Dr. X. Zeka

Dr. Z. Cardaklija

drra

Druetz T.

Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia , et al.

Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia Contents

Drug Safety

Dunbar, E.L. et al.

Dzabala, N. et al.

D’A. Richardson

D’Arcy Richardson, PATH, and Greg Pirio, Empower Communications

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USAID, CDC

USAID, Health Policy Project

USAID, Health Systems 20

USAID, JSI Research & Training Institute, fhi360

USAID, l'Union, Initiative 5%

USAID, MCHIP

USAID, PEPFAR, Health Policy Project

USAID, SIAPS

USAID, StopTBPartnership

USAID, Synergie Project

USAID, TBCARE I, TBCARE II

USAID, UNICEF, UNFPA

USAID,SPRING

V. Andreeva

V. da Costa e Silva

V. Habiyambere

V. Ilyenkova

V. J. Wirtz

V. Lipke, M. Girma, et al.

V. Nankabirwa , J. K. Tumwine, O. Namugga, et al.

V. Parikh

V. Patel

V. Tucci

V.N. Nguyen

VA.Saint, and P. Tinnemann

Varkey, B.

Vassall, A.

Vaughan, P.

Veasnakiry, Lo

Velisha Ann Perumal-Pillay & Fatima Suleman

Vengesai A., Naicker T., Kasambala M., et al.

Verein demokratischer Ärztinnen und Ärzte

Vikram Patel, Dan Chisholm, Tarun Dua et al.

Vilajeliu, A, et al.

Villella, Christina

W. A. Zule

W. Haas

Waage, J.

WACD

WACD West Africa Comission on Drugs

Wagner, R.C.

Wagner, U. et al.

Wamai, R.

Wambugu, Samuel

Wang, S., N. Hoohlo, I. Tshabalala, K. Ntoi, and T. Sepetla

Wang, Wenjuan, Gheda Temsah, and Emily Carter

Wardlaw, Tessa M.

Warsame A.

Waterfeld, K.C.

Watkins, J:W.

Webb, D.

Welburn S. C., Beange I. et al

Western Pacific Region)

WFP

White, Z.

WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO

WHO Africa

WHO and DOH Philippines

WHO Country Office for India

WHO et. al

WHO Europe

WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases Department

WHO Regional Office for Africa

WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia

WHO SEARO/Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases

WHO Universal Health Coverage

WHO, HHS-CDC, GAP

WHO, Regional Office Africa

WHO, UN-HABITAT

Wieland B., Flintan F., et al.

Willott C et al.

Winter, Rebecca, Akinlo, Ambrose, and Lia Florey

Wits Journalism

Wiznia, A.

Wolrd Health Organization

Wolters Kluwer

Wolters Kluwer Health

Wonder Goredema Jane Briggs Mupela Ntengu, et al.

Word Health Organization

World

World Bank et al.

World Bank Group, and World Health Organization WHO

World Bank, et al.

World Diabetes Foundation

World Drug Report 2017

World Food Programme

World Health Organisation

World Health Organisation (WHO) Country Office for Nepal

World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Africa

World Health Organisation (WHO), Ministry of Health Nepal

World Health Organisation (WHO), USAID, The Global Fund, et al.

World Health Organisation, International Labour Organization

World Health Organization ( WHO Regional Office for Africa)

World Health Organization (Africa)

World Health Organization (Cambodia)

World Health Organization (South East Asia Region

World Health Organization (South-East Asia)

World Health Organization (South-East-Asia)

World Health Organization (TB/HIV Working Group)

World Health Organization (Western Pacific Region)

World Health Organization (WHO) and DOH Philippines

World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean

World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office for Myanmar

World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF

World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

World Health Organization (WHO), Inter-Agency Task Team (IATT), UNICEF

World Health Organization (WHO), Kenya Country Office

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South East Asia

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia

World Health Organization (WHO), The Global Fund, Gavi et al.

World Health Organization (WHO)

World Health Organization Africa

World Health Organization Africa Region

World Health Organization and Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

World Health Organization et al.

World Health Organization South-East Asia Region

World Health Organization WHO (Africa)

World Health Organization WHO India

World Health Organization WHO Western-Pacific Region

World Health Organization WHO, CDC, UNHCR

World Health Organization WHO, et al.

World Health Organization WHO, IFRC

World Health Organization WHO, India

World Health Organization WHO, International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office Africa

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office African Region

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean Region

World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Europe

World Health Organization WHO, Stop TB

World Health Organization WHO, Unicef

World Health Organization, Stop TB Department

World Health Organization, CDC, GTSS et al.

World Health Organization, Intigrated Management of Adolescent and Adult illness (IMAI)

World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Ministry of Health, Botswana

World Health Organization, Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean

World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe

World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Health Situation and Trend Assessment Unit of Health System Department

World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas

World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific

World Health Organization, Sout-Easr Asia

World Health Organization, TB HIV working group, Stop TB Partnership

World Health Organization, UNAIDS, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

World Health Organization, Western Pacific

World Health Organization, Western Pacific Region

World Health Organization,et al.

World Health Organzation WHO

World Humanitarian Summit

World Organisation for Animal Health

World Palliative Care Alliance

World Vision

Wright, J.

Wroe, E.B.

Y. Keynan, D. Marin et al.

Y. M. Saw

Y. Santa-Ana-Tellez et al.

Y. Tadesse, N. Gebre, S. Daba, et al.

Y.-H. Jin

Yan I.

Yawalker, S.

Yourkavitch, Jennifer

Yuyun, M.F.

Yvonne Bonomo, Cornelius Goos, John Howard et al.

Z. Brihnu

Z. T. Gavry

Z. Z. Aunga

Z.-S. Cheng

Zachary, Blake, Zhuzhi Moore, and Pav Govindasamy

Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority (ZAMRA)

Zambia Ministry of Health, National Food and Nutrition Commission and Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA)

Zambia National Public Health Institute

Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC)

Zedbooks

Zerbini E. De Sandro j., et al.

Zhu, Anna

Ziaggi, G.

Zifodaya, J.

Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Zohra S. Lassi, George Pariyo and Luis Huicho

Беверли Коллин, Филипп дю Крос, Натан Форд, Джо Хатчинсон, Наташа Льюэр, Лесли Шэнкс, Франсис Варэн

Васильева Ирина Анатольевна, Самойлова Анастасия Геннадьевна, Эргешов Атаджан Эргешович et al.

ВОЗ

Всемирная организация здравоохранения (Европейское)

Г-жа M. Mansfeld

Г-н Z. T. Gavry

Глобальный фонд

Д-р M. Dara

Департамент "Остановить туберкулез", ВОЗ

Департамент по ВИЧ/СПИД, Департамент «Остановить ТБ», Всемирная организация здравоохранения

нтон Харрис, Дермот Махер, Стивен Грэхем et al.

федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза российской академии медицинских наук, Американский международный союз здравоохранения

Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance IAGG

External Link

Principles of Clinical Ethics and Their Application to Practice

Varkey, B. Medical Principles and Practice (2021) CC

Med Princ Pract 2021;30:17–28 An overview of ethics and clinical ethics is presented in this review. The 4 main ethical principles, that is beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, are defined and explained. Informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality spring from the ... more

Standards for improving the quality of care for small and sick newborns in health facilities

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2019) C_WHO

The standards for the care of small and sick newborns in health facilities define, standardize and mainstream inpatient care of small and sick newborns, building on essential newborn care and ensuring consistency with the WHO quality of care framework. The standards will guide countries in caring fo ... more

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Consequences of COVID-19 crisis for persons with HIV: the impact of social determinants of health

Waterfeld, K.C.; et al. (2021) CC

BMC Public Health (2021) 21:299 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10296-9

The impact of Covid-19 on HIV, TB and Malaria Services and Systems for Health: a Snapshot from 502 health facilities across Africa and Asia

The Global Fund (2021) CC

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the world beyond imagination. To date, it has infected more than 135 million people, killed over 2.9 million people, and is projected to plunge up to 115 million people into extreme poverty.1 As countries have gone into lockdown, gender-based violence has incr ... more

WHO guidelines on management of Taenia solium neurocysticercosis

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

The internationally recognized criteria for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis include a requirement for neuroimaging techniques, such as computerized tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ideally supported by serology. These facilities are not available in all settings, especially i ... more

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Manual de prevención y control de bacterias multirresintentes

Adriana Jiménez Rojas; Maria Virginias Villegas Asociación Colombiana de Infectiologiá ACIN (2019) C1

Las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención en Salud (IAAS) son reconocidas en la actualidad como un problema de salud pública y existen lineamientos guber- namentales en la mayoría de los países para constituir sistemas de vigilancia y Programas de Prevención y Control de Infecciones para con ... more

Strengthening infection prevention and control in primary care
recommended

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

This document aims to support those working in primary care to strengthen IPC, informed by existing WHO IPC guidance and implementation resources. Many of the existing WHO IPC guidance and implementation resources initially developed for acute health care facilities have a potential utility for IPC ... more

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Kenya Health Workforce Report: The Status of Healthcare Professionals in Kenya, 2015

Ministry of Health, Kenya (2017) CC

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Derrotar a la meningitis para 2030: una hoja de ruta mundial

Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS (2021) C_WHO

La meningitis es una enfermedad mortal y debilitante; golpea rápidamente, conlleva graves consecuencias sanitarias, económicas y sociales, y afecta a personas de todas las edades y en todos los países del mundo. La meningitis bacteriana puede provocar epidemias, ocasionar la muerte en 24 horas y ... more

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The State of the World’s Children 2021: On My Mind: promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health. Summary

UN Children's Fund UNICEF (2021) C_UNICEF

According to the latest available estimates, more than 1 in 7 adolescents aged 10–19 is estimated to live with a diagnosed mental disorder globally. Almost 46,000 adolescents die from suicide each year, among the top five causes of death for their age group. Meanwhile, wide gaps persist between me ... more

Ways out of the global health crisis

Seitz, K. Misereor, Brot für die Welt, Global Policy Forum GPF (2021) C1

Healthy people, healthy animals and a healthy environment worldwide with the One Health approach. The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically demonstrated just how close the link is between humans, animals, and the environment, and has highlighted and aggravated existing challenges. The destruction of na ... more

Quality health services and palliative care: practical approaches and resources to support policy, strategy and practice

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2021) C_WHO

As countries commit to achieving universal health coverage, it is imperative to ensure that the design and delivery of palliative care services place attention on quality of care, with action needed across all domains of quality health services: effectiveness, safety, people-centredness, timeliness, ... more

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Strategy for Quality Health infrastructure in Africa 2021-2030 Revised Version

AHVPAHHD Departments African Development Bank Group (2021) CC

The African Development Bank has launched a consultation process with health ministers and other partners as it develops a strategy to drive enhanced access to health services across Africa through 2030. Input from ministers in the Bank’s 54 regional member countries, development partners and c ... more

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Guidance on mainstreaming biodiversity for nutrition and health

World Health Organization WHO (2020) C_WHO

This report aims to support countries in the necessary transition toward healthier, more sustainable diets by integrating biodiversity in food-based interventions to support nutrition and health. It is intended to help guide decision-makers in the health, nutrition and other sectors, to: Consider ... the important role of biodiversity in food systems for the development of integrated interventions to support healthy, diverse and sustainable diets; To focus investments and country support for more comprehensive, coordinated and cross-cutting public health and nutrition projects and policies; and To strengthen the resilience of food systems, health systems, and societies, each of which are each increasingly compromised by widespread ecological degradation, biodiversity loss and climate change. Biodiversity at every level (genetic, species and ecosystem level) is a foundational pillar for food security, nutrition, and dietary quality. It is the basic source of variety in essential foods, nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and medicines, and underpins life-sustaining ecosystem services. It is a core environmental determinant of health, often a vital ingredient of healthy nutritional outcomes and livelihoods, gender equality, social equity, and other health determinants. Biodiversity can play a more prominent role in planning for nutritional outcomes in various ways, e.g. by facilitating the production of nutritious fruits and plant products, sustaining livelihoods through more efficient production and increasing the diversity of products available in markets. This Guidance presents and expands on six core building blocks for mainstreaming biodiversity for nutrition and health: Cross-sectoral knowledge development and knowledge co-production; Enabling environments; Integration; Conservation and the wider use of biodiversity; Education and awareness-raising; Monitoring and evaluation; This WHO report builds on an unprecedented opportunity to mainstream biodiversity in order to support healthy and sustainable diets, and offers the necessary technical guidance to catalyze and support a transformation of the global food system and transition to healthier, more sustainable diets. more

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Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 6. Recruitment, training, and continuing education

Meike J. Schleif, Iain Aitken , et al. Health Research Policy and Systems (2021) CC

This is the sixth of our 11-paper supplement entitled “Community Health Workers at the Dawn of New Era”. Expectations of community health workers (CHWs) have expanded in recent years to encompass a wider array of services to numerous subpopulations, engage communities to collaborate with and to ... more

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Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 9. CHWs’ relationships with the health system and communities

Karen LeBan , Maryse Kok and Henry B. Perry Health Research Policy and Systems (2021) CC

This is the ninth paper in our series, “Community Health Workers at the Dawn of a New Era”. Community health workers (CHWs) are in an intermediary position between the health system and the community. While this position provides CHWs with a good platform to improve community health, a major cha ... more

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The state of the health workforce in the WHO African Region, 2021

WHO Universal Health CoverageLife Course Cluster, WHO Regional Office for Africa (2021) C_WHO

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Guidance on operational microplanning for COVID-19 vaccination

World Health Organization WHO (2021) C_WHO

This publication is a companion document to the NDVP National Deployment and Vaccination Plans guidance, which provides a framework for countries to develop their national strategies. As countries face challenges with erratic vaccine supplies, use of multiple vaccine products with different charact ... more

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Influencing food environments for healthy diets

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO (2016) C2

Food environments are usually defined as the settings with all the different types of food made available and accessible to people as they go about their daily lives. That is, the range of food in supermarkets, small retail outlets, wet markets, street food stalls, coffee shops, tea houses, s ... chool canteens, restaurants, and all the other venues where people buy and eat food. These environments differ enormously depending on the context. They can be extensive and diverse, with a seemingly endless array of options and price ranges, or they can be sparse, with very few options on offer. Because they determine what food consumers can access at a given moment in time, at what price, and with what degree of convenience, food environments both constrain and prompt the consumer’s choice.Food environments are influenced by the food systems which supply them, and vice versa. Food systems encompass the entire range of activities, people and institutions involved in the production, processing, marketing, consumption and disposal of food (FAO, 2013). They include but are not limited to food supply chains. Making food systems nutrition-sensitive can contribute to addressing all forms of malnutrition, as food systems determine whether the food needed for good nutrition are available, affordable, acceptable and of adequate quantity and quality. How closely food systems and food environments are interrelated and interdependent, and the degree to which external factors affect nutrition outcomes, varies from setting to setting.Many of today’s food systems and food environments are challenged in supporting consumer choices that are consistent with healthy diets and good nutrition. Consumers are not making choices based on nutrition and health, and poor diet is now the number one risk factor for death and disability worldwide (GBD, 2015). Food systems that do not enable healthy diets are increasingly recognized as an underlying cause of malnutrition (GLOPAN, 2016), and malnutrition, irrespective of form, has a huge cost. Economic costs associated with undernutrition are estimated at $1-2 trillion per year, about 2-3% of global GDP (FAO, 2013); the global economic cost of obesity and associated diet-related non-communicable diseases is estimated at $2 trillion per year, about 2.8% of global GDP (McKinsey, 2014). Influencing food environments for promoting healthy diets is an emerging strategy to address today’s nutrition challenges. more

Assessment of HIV testing services and antiretroviral therapy service disruptions in the context of COVID-19: lessons learned and way forward in sub-Saharan Africa

Maman, D.; et al., World Health Organization WHO (2021) CC

The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in an evolving epidemiological context where some countries are experiencing a progressive decrease in HIV positivity in their testing programme as they are moving closer to the first 95 target. Distinguishing changes in HIV testing services due to the COVID-19 pandemic ... more

Strengthening infection prevention and control in primary care recommended

Strengthening infection prevention and control in primary care
recommended