EMTCT Global Validation Advisory Committee, Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programmes
1
END TB
1
European Academies Science Advisory Council
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
1
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
1
European Union Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO) and developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1
Eurosurveillance (Europe’s journal on infectious disease epidemiology, prevention and control)
1
Evidence to Action
1
F. Akinfaderin-Agarau
1
Faiz, M.
1
Fall, C. et al.
1
Federal HIV
1
Federal Ministries of Agriculture, Environment and Health
1
Federal Ministries of Health & Youth Development
1
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development BMZ
1
Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Dept. of Public Health, National HIV
1
Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
1
FHI360
1
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
1
Frempong, K.K.
1
G. Weiler
1
Ganina L.Yu
1
GHAIN Global HIV
1
Ghana Health Service (GHS)
1
Ghana Prisons
1
Giorgio Guzzetta, Fabrizio Montarsi, Frédéric Alexandre Baldacchino et al.
1
Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership—Tanzania Working Group
1
Global AIDS Program (GAP)
1
Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)
1
Government of India, Central Tuberculosis Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1
Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Health & Family Welfare
1
Government of Lesotho, World Health Organization (WHO) & United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1
Government of Malawi
1
Government of Malawi, Ministry of Health
1
Government of Myanmar
1
Government of Nepal
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health Department of Health Services Leprosy Control Division
1
Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Department of Health Services
1
Government of Nigeria Health Cluster World Health Organization
1
GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND SANITATION
1
Government of SomaliaWorld Health Organization WHO
1
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services
1
Government of the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Development Programme
1
Graham, S.M.et al.
1
Graves, Patricia
1
H. Drobna, C. Mallouris
1
H. H. Nguyen
1
H.Getahun
1
Haldane, V., De Foo, C., Abdalla, S.M. et al.
1
Harvard Humanitarian Initiative
1
Health Cluster Turkey Hub
1
Health Cluster, WHO
1
Hellen Gelband,Jha Prabhat, Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan et al.
1
Helping babies breathe
1
I. Eramova
1
I. Steffens
1
ICF International, et al.
1
ICF Macro, USA
1
iied (International Institute for Environmental and Development)
1
Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
1
Independent Review Team
1
Indonesian National AIDS Commission
1
Institute i Shendentit Publik Tirane
1
Instituti Shendetit Public
1
Inter-Agency Standing Committee
1
Inter-Agency Standing Committee IASC
1
Interagency Health and Nutrition Evaluations in Humanitarian Crises (IHE) Initiative
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1
International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC
1
International Journal of Infectious Diseases
1
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union)
1
IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation)
1
Isaac L. Baker, Brittany L. Card, Nathaniel A. Raymond
1
J. Ananworanich
1
J. D. Lundgren
1
J. Hourcade Bellocq
1
J. V. Lazarus
1
J.-I. Cakalo
1
JAMES MACHARIA
1
Jan H. Kolaczinski, et al.
1
Jassat, W.
1
John Hopkins Bloomberg School
1
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV
1
José A. Caminero
1
Journal of the International AIDS Society
1
K. Hagmaier
1
K. Lancaster
1
K. Wilson
1
Kenya Ministry of Health
1
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics,National AIDS Control Council
1
KfW
1
Klinkenberg, E
1
KNCV TUBERCULOSIS FOUNDATION
1
Kunda J., Gosling S., Foody G. et al.
1
L. Khotenashvili
1
Lang, R
1
LeBeau, D. & Yoder, P.S.
1
Lesotho National AIDS Commission, Government of Lesotho
1
Léger, E.
1
Lindsay, Daniel et al.
1
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
1
Loulou Kobeissi
1
Lucerne University
1
M. Alonso González
1
M. B. Mello
1
M. Beg
1
M. Dara, C. D. Acosta, M. V. S. Vinklers Melchers, et al.
1
M. Gottfredsson
1
M. Mansfeld
1
M. R. Jordan
1
M. Ristola
1
M.Johnson
1
M.M. Bailey, D. Bickford et al.
1
Malaria Consortium
1
Malaria Consortium and Comic Relief
1
Malaria Journal
1
Malgosia Grzemska, Elizabeth Mathai
1
Malteser International
1
Mapako, Tonderai, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Maarten J. Postma, Marinus van Hulst, Janet Dzangare, Stellah Ngwende, John Mandisarisa, Ponesai Nyika, David A. Mvere, Owen Mugurungi, and Mufuta Tshimanga
1
Marie Theres Benner and K. Peter Schmitz
1
Martin Kayitale Mbonye, Sarah M Burnett, Robert Colebunders, et al.
1
Massoda Tonye, S.G.
1
Measles Initiative
1
Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) | Ministry of Health and Child Care
1
Mediscript Ltd
1
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
1
Ministery of Public Health, Thailand
1
Ministério da Saúde Brasil
1
Ministério da Saúde, Direcção Nacional de Saúde Pública, Direcção de Planificação e Cooperação
1
Ministria e Shendetesise
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India
1
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India, et al.
1
Ministry of Health (MoH), Lesotho and ICF International
1
Ministry of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe
1
Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe
1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Directorate-General of Health Services, Mycobacterial Disease Control, National Tuberculosis Control Programme
1
Ministry of Health and National AIDS Control Council, Republic of Kenya
1
Ministry of Health and Population
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone
1
Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Center for AIDS Prevention and Control
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), Namibia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS), UNAIDS
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Liberia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, National Bureau of Statistics, Zanzibar, Tanzania, and ICF International
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Republic of Liberia
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The United Republic of Tanzania
1
Ministry of Health Ghana
1
Ministry of Health Rwanda, Biomedical Center Institute of HIV
1
Ministry of Health Uganda, NADIC, et al.
1
Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
1
Ministry of Health, Ghana
1
Ministry of Health, Ghana, World Health Organizaiotn (WHO) and Ghana Health Service
1
Ministry of Health, Government of Liberia
1
Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Lesotho
1
Ministry of Health, Liberia
1
Ministry of Health, Liberia, World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1
Ministry of Health, Malawi
1
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, et al.
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Botswana
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of South Africa
1
Ministry of Health, Republic of Uganda
1
Ministry of Health, Rwanda
1
Ministry of Health, Swaziland
1
Ministry of Health, Zambia
1
Ministry of National Health Services Regulations & Coordination Government of Pakistan
1
Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon
1
Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement Myanmar
1
MINSITRY OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL INDUSTRY OF TURKMENISTAN
1
Misereor
1
Mmbaga, Elia John
1
MSMGF
1
Musana, J.I.
1
Myanmar, Ministry of Health and Sports
1
N. Tavagnutti
1
N.Dean
1
N.K. Biritwum
1
NACO, Department of AIDS Control
1
National Center for TB and Leprosy Control (CENAT) , Cambodia
1
National Agency for Control of AIDS (NACA)
1
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Abuja Nigeria
1
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Government of Nigeria
1
National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Nigeria
1
National AIDS and STIs Control programme (NASCP), Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria
1
National AIDS Authority
1
National AIDS Commission Liberia
1
National AIDS Commission, Government of Lesotho
1
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)
1
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organisation Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
1
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
1
National Centre for AIDS and STD Control
1
National Epidemiology Center Department of Health Philippines
1
National HIV
1
National HIV and AIDS Secretariat
1
National HIVAIDS Council Zambia
1
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
1
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
1
National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) Communicable Disease Control Division Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Bangladesh
1
National Population Commission (NPC
1
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Government of India
1
Neil M Ferguson, Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati-Gilani, Natsuko Imai, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, Zulma Cucunubá, Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg, Amy Dighe, Ilaria Dorigatti, Han Fu, Katy Gaythorpe, Will Green, Arran Hamlet, Wes Hinsley, Lucy C Okell, Sabine van Elsland, Hayley Thompson, Robert Verity, Erik Volz, Haowei Wang, Yuanrong Wang, Patrick GT Walker, Caroline Walters, Peter Winskill, Charles Whittaker, Christl A Donnelly, Steven Riley, Azra C Ghani.
1
Nepal GHI Strategy
1
NHS
1
Nina Urwantzoff, Ellen Schmitt, Piet Reijer
1
Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network (NEPTUNE)
1
Nwokike J., Ludeman E., Thumm M.
1
OCSD, Social Development Department, Central and West Regions
1
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA
1
Ogden Stephanie et al
1
Ogden, S., Gallo, K., Davis, S., et al
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
1
Organisation mondiale de la Santé
1
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
1
Organizaición Mundial de la Salud
1
O’Neill, J.
1
P. Glaziou
1
Pact (Building Capacity Worldwide)
1
Pact Inc. and International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
1
PAHO
1
Pan American Health Organization (Regional Office of the World Health Organization)
1
participatory learning and action
1
Patrick R. Kenya, Prince-Albert Roberts, Joseph Kobba, et al.
1
Pedro Alonso, Kevin Baird, David Brandling-Bennett et al.
1
Petersen, I.
1
PLOS One
1
President's Malaria Initiative et al.
1
President’s Malaria Initiative, CDC, MCHIP, MCSP
1
Public Health England
1
PubMed
1
r Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH ;
1
R. Elovich
1
R. Velayudhan
1
Republic of Lebanon - Ministry of Public Health
1
Republic of Rwanda & Commission Nationale de lutte contre le SIDA (CNLS)
1
Republic of Sudan Federal Ministry of Health & Ministry of Animal Resources
1
Republika e Shqiperise
1
Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International
1
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance
1
Rhodes, T.
1
Royal Government of Cambodia
1
S. Lees et al.
1
S. M. Nsagha
1
S. Phanouvong, C. Raymond, L. Krech, Y. Dijiba, B. Mam, P. Lukulay, D. Socheat, T. Sovannarith and C. Sokhan
1
S.Kinloch-de Loës, et al.
1
SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV
1
SAATHII (Solidarity and Action Against The HIV Infection in India)
1
SAFOD & DFID
1
Saparbekov M. K.
1
School Health Integrated Programming (SHIP)
1
Shobhna S. Kumar,Pallav Patankar, Dr. Maninder Singh Setia
1
SIAPS
1
Sightsavers, Department for International Development, The International Trachoma Initiative , et al.
1
Silk Road Studies Program
1
Social Science in Humanitarian Action: A Communication for Development Platform
1
Solidarités International
1
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
1
Southeast asian J trop med public health
1
Springer Science+Business Media
1
Standleya C. J., Carlinb E. P., Sorrella E. M. et al.
1
State of Libya
1
Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems (SPS) Program
1
Swan
1
T. Chitashvili, S. Holschneider, O. Annie Clark
1
T. Fashola
1
T. T.T. Dinh
1
Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS)
1
Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children.
1
TB a!ert
1
TB Care II
1
The Government of Malawi
1
The Government of the Republic of Zambia
1
The Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Healt
1
The Lancet Global Health
1
The Lancet Planetary Health
1
The National AIDS Control Council of Kenya
1
The Open AIDS Journal
1
The Polio Global Eradication Initiative
1
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Health
1
The Sentinel Project
1
The Union
1
The United States President's Emergency Plan For Aids Relief
1
The World Bank
1
Tigray Health Bureau
1
U. Laukamm-Josten
1
U.S. Global Malaria Coordinator
1
U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), CDC, USAID, et al.
1
UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
1
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
1
UN United Nations
1
UN Women, UNFPA
1
UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS)
1
UNAIDS | GAMET
1
UNAIDS, The National AIDS Authority (NAA)
1
UNDAF Ghana
1
UNDP India
1
UNESCO
1
UNHCR
1
Unicef, et al.
1
United Nations on Drugs and Crime
1
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), USAID
1
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1
University of Western Cape
1
UNOPS
1
US Embassy Freetown
1
US President's Malaria Initiative
1
USAID ASSIST Project
1
USAID, et al.
1
USAID, Health Policy Project
1
USAID, SIAPS
1
USAIDS BASICS Project
1
V. Ilyenkova
1
Van PraagO.
1
Verver, S.
1
Western Pacific Region)
1
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
WHO, HHS-CDC, GAP
1
WHO, Regional Office Africa
1
WHO, UNFPA, and Escuela Andaluza de Salud Publica Consejeria de Salud
1
Williams, D.
1
World Bank
1
World Bank et al.
1
World Food Programme
1
World Food Programme WFP
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
World Health Organisation (WHO) Country Office for Nepal
1
World Health Organization WHO
1
World Health Organization ( WHO), Regional Office for South-East-Asia
1
World Health Organization (Americas)
1
World Health Organization (South East Asia Region
1
World Health Organization (South-East-Asia)
1
World Health Organization (Western Pacific Region)
1
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Country Office for Myanmar
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Myanmar, Ministry of Health
1
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean
1
World Health Organization Europe
1
World Health Organization WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
1
World Health Organization WHO Western-Pacific Region
1
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for Africa
1
World Health Organization WHO, Bangladesh
1
World Health Organization WHO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
1
World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean
1
World Health Organization, IASC
1
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Ministry of Health, Botswana
1
World Health Organization, UNICEF
1
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia
The Libyan national action plan has been aligned with WHO five objectives. Analysis of the current situation and addressing the gaps and the needs to reach the main goal “one health” approach involves several national sectors and actors, including human and veterinary health, agriculture and foo...d and drug control center and environmental agencies. Therefore, a large committee of all stakeholders was formed with four technical subcommittees were established to addresses every aspect to contain antimicrobial resistance in the country.more
The goals and objectives of the Sudan National Action Plan on AMR can only be achieved through implementing strategic interventions and activities with all concerned ministries and departments joining hands with other stakeholders to collaboratively tackle these challenges.
Several members of the Communicating with Disaster Affected Communities (CDAC) Network have recognised the need to work with rumours in their missions to prevent the loss of lives and alleviate suffering. Notably, Internews with their pioneering inter-agency model, the World Health Organisation and ...United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs have made considerable efforts to innovate in this area and engage other humanitarian actors on the issue.more
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inadequacy of investments in public health, the persistence of profound economic and social inequalities and the fragility of many key global systems and approaches.
The WHO country office for Ghana, began the year 2019 with a 4-day staff retreat at the Busua Beach Resort in the Western Region from 04 to 08 March 2019. The theme for the retreat was ‘Impacting the Health and Lives of the people of Ghana through the Triple Billion Goal”. The staff outlined pri...orities and strategies to strengthen WHO’s contribution to the national health agenda during the year. Working in collaboration with the Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service and other allied health institutions and stakeholders, the WHO country office, provided support aimed at achieving its
mission which is attaining the highest level of health by the people in the country though its six operational areas which are (i) Communicable Diseases (ii) Non-Communicable Diseases, (iii) Promoting Health through the Life Course (iv), Health Systems, (v) Preparedness, Surveillance and Response (vi) Corporate services and enabling functions.more
The COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP) 2021 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework tracks global progress against the COVID-19 SPRP 2021 for the ten pillars of the public health response. The operational intelligence complements the epidemiologic information used to drive a global... dynamic system of support and response. Monitoring SPRP 2021 implementation will support countries, partners and WHO in strategic thinking, operational tracking and course correction based on evidence and transparency to strengthen the response to COVID-19.more
The plan aims to practice the preparedness measures and response functions which need to be coordinated among relevant departments and organizations to reduce the risk of earthquakes. The plan has two main parts: preparedness and response. The first part includes the preparedness measures which can ...be practically implemented in collaboration with relevant government departments and communities. The latter part includes the response functions by the National Disaster Management Committee and it’s Work Committees if a damaging earthquake were to occur.more
The Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework is a World Health Assembly resolution adopted unanimously by all Member States in 2011. It brings together Member States, industry, other stakeholders and WHO to implement a global approach to pandemic influenza preparedness and response. The Frame...work includes a benefit-sharing mechanism called the Partnership Contribution (PC). The PC is collected as an annual cash contribution from influenza vaccine, diagnostic, and pharmaceutical manufacturers that use the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). Funds are allocated for: (a) pandemic preparedness capacity building; (b) response activities during the time of an influenza pandemic; and (c) PIP Secretariat for the management and implementation of the Framework.more
The document explains why vector control is important in national programmes and describes the preparation of a tailor-made vector control plan for national programmes. It outlines entomological procedures for regular and specific vector control and how data should be analysed for better overall und...erstanding of filarial transmission and vectors. The document will also be useful for teaching personnel in lymphatic filariasis programmes about the use and value
of entomological procedures in overall epidemiological appraisal in the context of
eliminationmore
The Strategy to respond to antimalarial drug resistance in Africa is a technical and advocacy document, grounded in the best available evidence to date and aimed at minimizing the threat and impact of antimalarial drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Africa. Its objectives are to: i...) improve the detection of resistance to ensure a timely response; ii) delay the emergence of resistance to artemisinin and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) partner drugs; and iii) limit the selection and spread of resistant parasites where resistance has been confirmed.
WHO Team
Global Malaria Programme
Editors
World Health Organization
Number of pages
87
Reference numbers
ISBN: 978 92 4 006026 5
Copyrightmore
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the global community of countries, partners, donors, technical experts, scientists and field implementation teams continue to work towards the ultimate goal of a world free of the burden of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).
The Country Cooperation Strategy is the World Health Organization (WHO)’s reference for country work guiding planning and resource allocation through alignment with national health priorities and harmonization with other development partners. It clarifies roles and functions of WHO in supporting t...he national strategic plan for health through the Sector-Wide Approach and Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II. The Country Cooperation Strategy is based on a systematic assessment of the recent national achievements, emerging health needs,
challenges, government policies and expectations. An evaluation of the previous CCS was conducted and jointly discussed with the Ministry of Health as well as other key stakeholders. This process led to the identification of the, achievements, challenges and shortfalls of the previous CCS. Through this process the areas where WHO needed to focus on were also identified. The CCS development has also been done in parallel with the formulation of the new Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP) to ensure that there is a linkage between the two.more
The document summarizes the infrastructure and activities for Ebola virus disease (EVD) preparedness that are already in place in the Gambia and identifies opportunities for improvement to strengthen the nation’s readiness in the event of an EVD incident.
The increasing global trend of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has gradually emerged as a major public health challenge for the entire world. AMR has spread to almost all countries and regions, including Pakistan owing to the “misuse and overuse” of Antimicrobials, contributing to the increasing ...burden of infections due to resistant bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi, while limiting the treatment options for managing such infections.more
The global impact of COVID-19 has been profound, and the public health threat it represents is the most serious seen in a respiratory virus since the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Here we present the results of epidemiological modelling which has informed policymaking in the UK and other countries i...n recent weeks.more
The strategic priorities of the CCS 2014–2018 are:
(1) Strengthening the health system.
(2) Enhancing the achievement of communicable disease control targets.
(3) Controlling the growth of the noncommunicable disease burden.
(4) Promoting health throughout the life course. ...
(5) Strengthening capacity for emergency risk management and surveillance systems for various health threats.more
Camps is intended to help address the absence of public and standardized training resources for those seeking to use high resolution satellite imagery in support of refugee/IDP assistance operations. Students, general audiences, and volunteers studying and analyzing satellite imagery of displaced po...pulation camps may find this training resource beneficial.more
Despite the significant role of vector control in national leishmaniasis control programmes, the programmatic community perceives vector control as the weakest component of leishmaniasis control strategies in terms of resources, scientific evidence of the usefulness of interventions and capacity for... quality-assured implementation. Therefore, the main objective of this manual is to provide practical tools, techniques and procedures to strengthen sand fly control and surveillance in order to improve implementation of leishmaniasis control programmes. The manual provides a rationale for programme managers in different geographical regions on the types of vector control interventions to be used in different epidemiological and environmental settings and also how to measure their impact.more