Filter
1899
Filtered Results: 1899
Text search:
N.
Green
Featured
Recommendations
143
New Publications
410
Language
Document type
No document type
908
Studies & Reports
453
Guidelines
289
Manuals
97
Strategic & Response Plan
68
Training Material
34
Fact sheets
30
Situation Updates
8
Infographics
6
Resource Platforms
3
Online Courses
2
Brochures
1
Countries / Regions
India
74
Global
64
Brazil
57
Latin America and the Carribbean
45
Western and Central Europe
44
Kenya
37
South Africa
37
Paraguay
32
Ukraine
25
Nigeria
25
Russia
24
Africa
23
Eastern Europe
23
Peru
21
Germany
20
Ethiopia
20
Nepal
19
Uganda
19
Tanzania
18
Sierra Leone
17
Mozambique
17
Liberia
16
Rwanda
15
Cameroon
15
Myanmar / Burma
15
Ghana
13
Venezuela
13
South–East Asia Region
13
Ecuador
13
Colombia
12
Syria
12
Philippines
12
Congo, Democratic Republic of
12
South Sudan
12
Indonesia
12
Senegal
11
Asia
10
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
10
Argentina
10
Bangladesh
10
Malawi
9
Bolivia
9
Angola
9
Chile
8
Zimbabwe
8
Zambia
8
Lesotho
7
Burkina Faso
7
West and Central Africa
7
Middle East and North Africa
7
Thailand
6
El Salvador
6
Guinea
6
Namibia
6
Madagascar
6
Eswatini/ Swaziland
6
Pakistan
6
Haiti
5
Yemen
5
Mali
5
Benin
4
Afghanistan
4
USA
4
Guinea-Bissau
4
Belarus
4
East and Southern Africa
4
Chad
4
Tajikistan
3
China
3
Kazakhstan
3
Niger
3
Jordan
3
Western Pacific Region
3
Portugal
3
Spain
3
Southern Africa
3
Côte d’Ivoire / Ivory Coast
3
Sudan
3
Georgia
3
Honduras
3
Somalia
3
North Macedonia
2
Mexico
2
Estonia
2
Burundi
2
Qatar
2
Armenia
2
Dominican Republic
2
Vietnam
2
Papua New Guinea
2
Moldova
2
Central African Republic
2
Botswana
2
Iraq
2
Guatemala
2
Serbia
1
Turkey
1
Iran
1
Albania
1
Canada
1
Kyrgyzstan
1
Congo-Brazzaville
1
Uzbekistan
1
Morocco
1
Mongolia
1
Mauritania
1
Cambodia
1
Hungary
1
Ireland
1
Saudi Arabia
1
North America
1
Turkmenistan
1
Belgium
1
France
1
Tunisia
1
Israel
1
Latvia
1
Lebanon
1
Nicaragua
1
Sri Lanka
1
Djibouti
1
Egypt
1
Romania
1
Poland
1
Libya
1
Solomon Islands
1
Cuba
1
Authors & Publishers
Publication Years
Category
Guidelines
156
Studies & Reports
154
COVID-19
132
Policies
76
Policies & Guidelines HIV & TB
70
Women & Child Health
51
Community Health
36
Capacity Building
34
Drugs & Medical Equipment
30
Maternal Health
29
Humanitarian Crisis
26
Statistics
25
Pediatrics
22
Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
19
Primary Health Care
19
Food Security & Nutrition
19
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
17
Paediatrics
16
Disabilities
16
Reproductive Health
16
TB
16
Under-5 nutrition
13
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
13
Countries
13
HIV & STI
13
Child Health
12
Demograhic Health Surveys DHS
12
Neonatal Care
12
Disease Prevention & Control
11
Community Health
10
Age & Elderly
10
Sanitation
9
Other
9
WASH
9
Disaster Preparedness
8
Cardiovascular Diseases
8
Mental Health
8
Maternal & Child Health
7
Surgery & Anaesthesia
7
Water
7
Diabetes
6
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
6
NTDs & Others
6
Parasitology
6
Malaria
6
General Guidelines
5
Vector Control
5
Virology
5
General Guidelines
5
Nutrition
5
Non-communicable Diseases
5
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
5
Hepatitis
4
Family Planning
4
Gender
4
Dermatology
4
Cancer
4
Snakebites
4
NCD
4
Hemorrhagic Fever
4
Clinical Guidelines
4
Palliative Care
4
Waste Management
4
Health Systems
4
Dengue
4
Global Health
4
Digital Health
3
Rabies
3
Hand Hygiene
3
Pediatric cancer
3
Cancer Treatment & Resources
3
Public Health
3
Child protection
3
Yellow Fever
3
Diarrhoea
3
Communicable Diseases
3
Women & Child Health
3
Hygiene Promotion
3
Communicable Diseases
2
Dental & Eye Care
2
Clinical Training
2
Public Health
2
Pharmacy & Technology
2
Bacteriology
2
Trachoma
2
Palliative Care
2
Other Cancer diseases
2
MPOX - Monkeypox
2
IEC Material
2
Sexual Violence
2
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
2
Humanitarian Aid
2
Health System Strengthening
2
Training Manuals
2
Diarrhoeal Disease/Cholera
2
Medical Devices & Equipment
2
Needs Assessment
2
Female Genital Mutilation
2
Protection & Security
2
Leishmaniasis
2
Laboratory Quality Assurance
2
Radiology and Diagnostic
2
Zika
1
Helminthiasis
1
Emergency Health Kits
1
Buruli Ulcer
1
Hematology
1
Online Courses & Platforms
1
Neurology & Psychology
1
Laboratory Waste
1
Monitoring & Evaluation
1
Cervical Cancer
1
Maternal Health
1
Presentation & Lectures
1
COVID-19
1
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)
1
Sex. & Repr. Rights
1
Chagas
1
Respiratory Infections
1
Quality Control & Assurance
1
Fecal Disposal / Latrines
1
Key Resources
1
Toolboxes
Country specific documents
93
Children/Adolescents Mental Disorders
49
Climate Change General
40
IACAPAP International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions
37
Climate & Health
33
Planetary Health
33
Clinical Guidelines
28
Substance Use Disorders & Addiction
22
Health Impact & Climate Change
21
Global Impact: Socio-economic, health services, TB & HIV
19
Drug resistant TB
18
Reports
16
Reports & Studies
16
Infection Control General
15
Urban health
15
Neurological Disorders
15
Children & Adolescents
13
HIV in Key Populations
13
HIV testing & services
12
Long COVID/ Post-COVID Syndrome
12
Community Health Workers CHW
12
Guiding documents and principles
12
Country specific
11
Policies & Programmes
11
Waste Managment
11
others
11
Agriculture
10
Clean air
10
Traditional & Herbal Medicines
10
Health Care Systems
10
Detection & Diagnosis
10
TB & Prisoners
10
Assessment & Studies
9
Prevention & Control
9
Adults
9
Training Manuals
9
Treatment Guidelines
9
Diagnostics & Laboratory Guidance
9
General
9
Alzheimer's Disease & Dementia
9
Community-based Mental Health Care
9
Africa
8
War & Conflict
8
General Studies & Reports
8
Prevention & Preparedness
8
Genomic sequencing
8
Education Principles
8
Training
8
Planetary Health
8
Eastern Europe and central Asia
8
Alcohol
7
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
7
Substance Use Disorders, Others
7
Human Rights
7
Training Supporting Material mhGAP
7
Sustainable Development Goals
7
Infection Prevention & Hygiene
7
Hospital Readiness/Essential Health Services
7
Primary Care
7
Midwives
7
Peru
7
Biodiversity shift
7
Food environments
7
Women & Maternal Health
7
Disaster, Migration and Conflict
7
Guidelines & Manuals
7
Heat
7
Disaster Preparedness & Prevention
7
Self-harm & Suicide
7
Eastern Europe & Central Asia
7
Meningitis Prevention & Control
6
Children with Disabilities
6
Diagnosis & Treatment PTSD in Children
6
Laboratory
6
Eastern Europe
6
Global
6
Latin America
6
TB & Other Vulnerable Populations
6
Mental Health Guidelines
6
Epilepsy
6
Medical & Community Masks
6
Health Promotion
6
Other Countries
6
General documents One Health
6
Climate Change
6
Infectious Diseases
6
Education
6
General Information & Methodology
6
General Information & Methodology
6
Global Overview
6
Hearing Loss & Deafness
6
Assessment & Response
6
Zika Prevention & Control
6
AmR (Region of Americas)
6
TB
6
Reports & Studies Children HIV
6
Neurological disorders, Others
6
Policies & Strategies
5
ART Drug Resistance
5
General Reports
5
Agriculture & Veterinary
5
Background PTSD in children
5
Schizophrenia
5
Assessment & Response
5
Policies
5
Social Worker
5
Public Health
5
Laboratory
5
Context & Facts
5
Studies
5
Context & Facts, Travel Advice
5
Surveillance & Contact tracing
5
For Health Worker
5
Health Care Professionals & Spirituality
5
Oxygen Therapy
5
Logistics & Supply
5
SARS-CoV-2 Variants
5
Handbooks & Manuals
5
Overview & reports
5
Green & healthy living
5
Essential Medicines & Devices Lists
5
Falsified & Substandard
5
Strategies
5
Pediatrics
5
Land-system change
5
Agriculture incl. animal husbandry
5
Reports & Studies
5
Environment
5
Public Health
5
Mental Health
5
Others
5
Planetary Boundaries Overview
5
Studies & Reports
5
Overview, Studies & Reports
5
General Information
5
Women
5
Children's Rights
5
Assessment & Response
5
Research & Access
5
Latin America & the Carribean
5
Tobacco
5
WASH
5
Food & Nutrition
5
Training & Capacity Building
5
Best Practice Models
4
Natural Disaster
4
Gynaecology / Obstetrics
4
Local Action
4
Surveillance
4
Posttraumatic stress disorder Adults
4
Europe
4
Treatment & Prevention
4
Ukraine
4
Opportunistic Infections
4
Introduction to Global Health
4
Transgender People
4
Concepts of Global Health
4
Stigma & Discrimination
4
Mental Health Studies & Reports
4
Women's Mental Health
4
Stress
4
International
4
General
4
COVID-19
4
For General Public & Community
4
For Migrants & Refugees
4
For Older People
4
HIV and COVID-19
4
MHPSS – Psychosocial Support
4
Essential Medicines & Medical Devices
4
Access & Strategy
4
Communication Material
4
Immunization Guidelines
4
Preparedness, Response & Risk Communication
4
Sanitation
4
Waste Management
4
Nurses
4
Advocacy
4
Essential Medicines
4
Pharmacy Management
4
Rational use of Medicine
4
General Guidelines for Rational Use
4
Situation Reports & Updates
4
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
4
Snakebite envenoming
4
General
4
Testing Guidelines
4
Clinical Guidelines
4
Global Health Institutions and Stakeholders
4
Western & Central Europe
4
War, Conflict Areas & Refugees
4
Depression
4
Mental Health GAP Action Programme
4
Meningitis & Encephalitis
4
Volunteers
4
Urban Health
4
Drugs
3
Public Health
3
Treatment Guidelines
3
Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)
3
Intellectual Disability
3
Laboratory Guidance
3
Clinical Aspects, Treatment & Prevention
3
Vaccines & Immunization
3
Studies & Reports
3
Influenza Prevention & Control
3
Mental Health
3
WPRO (Western Pacific Region)
3
Interculturality
3
Latin America
3
Opoids
3
Wheelchair Service and Management
3
Curricula & Core Competencies
3
Others
3
Studies & Reports
3
Research
3
Discrimination & Stigma
3
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
3
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
3
Reports
3
Sex Worker
3
Cannabis
3
Universal Health Coverage UHC and 90-90-90 Strategy
3
Health Personnel
3
Livestock production
3
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
3
Covid-19 & the One Health Approach
3
Covid-19 & Climate Change
3
Clinical Guidelines
3
Appeals and Response Plans
3
Sustainability
3
Paediatrics
3
Child Protection
3
Pastoral Care
3
RCCE Guides & Manuals
3
COVID-19 Vaccination
3
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs)
3
Others
3
Studies & Reports
3
Brazil
3
El Salvador
3
Planetary Boundaries
3
Mobility
3
Supply Chain & Store Management
3
Quality Assurance
3
HIV &TB
3
Freshwater use
3
Biogeochemical flows
3
One Health
3
Epilepsy
3
Prevention & Measures
3
Non-communicable Diseases NCD
3
Ethics
3
WASH Water Sanitation & Hygiene
3
Studies & Reports
3
Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis & other deep mycosis
3
Access to treatment and laboratory
3
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP), Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
3
Training Material
3
General
3
Co-Morbidities (except TB)
3
General
3
Assistive devices & technologies
3
Community Worker
3
General Aspects
3
One Health
3
Nutrition
3
Urbanization
3
Dengue Prevention & Control
3
Vision Loss & Blindness
3
International
3
Anxiety Disorders
3
Kenya
3
Studies & Reports
3
Eastern and Southern Africa
3
Plague Prevention & Control
3
Outbreak Prevention & Control
2
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
2
Global Mental Health
2
TB & Drug Abuse
2
IPC
2
Training
2
Surveillance
2
People with Handicaps
2
Intercultural Competence
2
Policies & Strategies
2
Clinical Aspects
2
Yellow Fever Prevention & Control
2
Training
2
Early Warning
2
HIV surveillance
2
Natural Disasters
2
Human Rights, Stigma & Discrimination
2
Germany
2
Hepatitis
2
Treatment Guidelines HIV
2
General Mental Health Guidelines
2
Stroke
2
Legislative Texts
2
mhGAP Guides
2
Children with disabilities
2
Diverse Chemical Substances
2
Shelter & Reconstruction
2
Germany
2
Men who have sex with men (MSM)
2
HIV
2
El Niño
2
TB
2
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
2
Children
2
Health & Refugee
2
Laboratory
2
Georgia
2
Microcephaly
2
Laboratory & Sampling
2
PPE Personel Protective Equipment
2
Sexual Abuse
2
Key Resources
2
Clinical Aspects
2
Hand Hygiene
2
COVID-19
2
Country Specific
2
Prison & Detention
2
Guidelines
2
Scientific & Research Studies
2
Gender Aspects
2
Educational Settings
2
Workplace
2
Physical Distancing
2
COVID-19
2
Palliative Care
2
Children & Mental Health
2
Long-term Care Facilities
2
Vaccine Hesitancy & Myths
2
Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines
2
Others
2
Hygiene
2
Others
2
Triage
2
Booster Doses
2
Prices and Patents
2
Resuscitation
2
Argentina
2
Mental Disorders
2
Zoonoses
2
General
2
Waste management
2
Global Impact of war
2
MPOX - Monkeypox
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
2
Statistics & Facts
2
Patient Safety
2
Situation Reports & Updates
2
Clinical Guidelines
2
Romania
2
Asia and Pacific
2
War Surgery & Wound Care
2
Conflict
2
Situation Reports & Updates
2
Technical Information
2
Bipolar Affective Disorders
2
Malnutrition
2
Mental disorders, others
2
Policy
2
Disease Prevention & Control
2
TB/HIV Global
2
Asia
2
Diarrhoea
2
Assessment & Response
2
Stewardship
2
Assessment
2
HIV and coinfection
2
TB/HIV Coinfection
2
Chikungunya Prevention & Control
2
Best Practice Examples
2
Overview & Statistics
2
Antiretroviral Treatment ART
2
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
2
Refugees & Migrants
2
Planetary Health
2
Epidemiology
2
Preparedness & Prevention
2
Global Health Financing
2
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors
2
Universal Health Coverage & Primary Health Care
2
SEAR (South-east Asia Region)
2
Global Burden of Disease
2
Preparedness & Prevention
2
Gender Aspects
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Behaviour Change/Life Skill Education
1
Biosafety
1
Advocacy
1
Childhood TB
1
Accessibility
1
Plague Situation Reports
1
Moldova
1
Ebola Prevention & Control
1
Azerbaijan
1
Chemical Attacks
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Vector Control
1
Violence & Protection
1
Surgery & Rehabilitation
1
Vaccination
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
International
1
Pediatrics
1
Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation
1
South Africa
1
Zambia
1
Context & Facts
1
Neuropsychology of Trauma
1
Prevention Guidelines
1
Children
1
Inclusion
1
Dengue
1
Infection Control
1
Platforms and initiatives
1
Eastern Mediterranean Region
1
HIV testing & disclosure
1
Humanitarian Crisis
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
Public Health
1
National Policies
1
Natural Hazards
1
Orphans & vulnerable children
1
Sexually Transmitted Infections
1
Diabetes
1
Communication & Training
1
South Sudan
1
Mental Health
1
For Health Professionals
1
Cholera Prevention & Control
1
Training
1
People who injecting Drugs
1
Rwanda
1
SOPs
1
Mozambique
1
Syria
1
Sitreps & Updates
1
Training
1
Cholera
1
Information for different audiences
1
IEC Material Mental Disorders
1
Workplace
1
Medical professionals
1
Russia
1
Manuals
1
Ethiopia
1
Communication & Training
1
General
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Supporting tools
1
Essential List
1
Information Material &Training
1
Poster & Infographics
1
For Pregnant Women
1
Training, others
1
Simulations
1
Human Rights
1
Child Protection
1
Food and Nutrition
1
Social Ethics
1
Human Dignity
1
Common Good
1
Principles of Solidarity
1
Children
1
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS)
1
LGBTI*
1
Encyclical Letters
1
Infection Control & Prevention (IPC)
1
General
1
Mental Health
1
Blood Supply
1
Mythbusters/Misinformation
1
Gambling
1
Ebola Treatment Center
1
Psychosocial Support
1
TB/HIV
1
Structural Violence
1
Biontech/Pfizer Comirnaty
1
Vaxzevria (Astra Zeneca)
1
Johnson & Johnson
1
Research & Pipeline
1
Caregiver
1
Capacity Building
1
Self-care
1
Stress
1
Extreme Situations
1
Online Resources
1
Latin America
1
Colombia
1
Chile
1
Guidelines General
1
Wound management
1
Ecuador
1
Pharmaceutical Assessments
1
Pharmacy Practice
1
Intensive Care Unit
1
Surgery
1
Others
1
Pharmacovigilance
1
Ukraine
1
Economics
1
Health Consequences
1
Water Pollution
1
Nuclear & Chemical Hazards
1
Humanitarian Aid Guidelines
1
Appeals & Response Plans
1
COVID-19
1
NTDs
1
Chagas
1
Leishmaniasis
1
Strategies & Roadmaps
1
Capacity Building & Resources
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Clinical Aspects & Diagnostics
1
Disability Prevention & Rehabilitation
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Statistics & Facts
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Studies & Reports
1
Other NTDs
1
Echinocccosis
1
Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
1
Prevention & Control
1
Domestic Resource Mobilization
1
Official Development Assistance
1
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
1
Armenia
1
Language Teaching
1
Ghana
1
Zika
1
Protection
1
General
1
Human Rights & the Right to Health
1
Malawi
1
Regions
1
Mental Health
1
Global Health Education
1
Albania
1
Tuberculosis
1
Germany
1
IEC Materials Children
1
Situation Reports & Updates
1
Technical Information
1
Health Care Systems
1
Clinical Guidelines
1
General Public
1
Situation Reports
1
Public Health Administration
1
Nigeria
1
Others
1
Tajikistan
1
HIV service delivery
1
Epidemiology
1
MHPSS Guidelines
1
WASH
1
South-east Asia Region
1
Guidelines CBR
1
Persons with Handicaps
1
Paediatrics
1
Infection Control
1
Lobby and Advocacy
1
Safe Burials
1
Action Plans, Policies & Response
1
Case Definitions
1
Capacity Building
1
Prisoners
1
Pregnant women
1
Capacity Building
1
Risk Communication & Community Engagement
1
THIS LEAFLET AIMS AT GUIDING YOU THROUGH THE VERY FIRST DAYS OF AN OUTBREAK
Chapter 21 from "Where there is no doctor"
2nd edition
WASH FIT is a risk-based, continuous improvement framework with a set of tools for undertaking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) improvements as part of wider quality improvements in health care facilities. It is aimed at small primary, and in some instances secondary, health care fa...
A Situational Assessment and Five-YearAction Plan for the Africa CDC Strengthening Regional Public Health Institutions and Capacity for Surveillance and Response Program
Tuberculosis (TB) is, and should be, a curable disease; however, each year significant numbers of patients acquire or develop drug-resistant TB, which has a much lower cure rate. Patients with drug-resistant TB have a high prevalence of symptoms; hence, staff caring for these patients should h...
Pharmaceutical regulators are at the forefront of ensuring that only safe and effective medicines are authorized and available in the market. This document builds on the recommendations in the above publication and has been prepared to specifically assist national medicines regulatory authorities to...
Вакцинация и доверие: Как возникает озабоченность и роль коммуникации в смягчении кризисных ситуаций
recommended
Когда возникают ситуации, при которых нежелательные явления справедливо или ошибочно связывают с вакцинацией, они могут подорвать доверие к вакцинам и официальны...
The report identifies major global gaps in WASH services: one third of health care facilities do not have what is needed to clean hands where care is provided; one in four facilities have no water services, and 10% have no sanitation services. This means that 1.8 billion people use facilities that l...
English Analysis on World and 3 other countries about Agriculture, Climate Change and Environment, Drought, Flood and more; published on 22 Oct 2021 by Action Against Hunger
This policy brief aims to provide a review of the current progress on implementing the Burkina Faso national action plan on AMR, identifies critical gaps, and highlights findings to accelerate further progress in the human health sector. The target audience includes all those concerned with implemen...
an operational guide to support all those responsible for planning and implementing the rollout of COVID-19 vaccine to refugees and migrants at national and local levels, 14 March 2022
The climate crisis has many consequences – among them widespread health impacts that will lead to immense societal, ecological, and economic harm.
Over the past two decades multiple large-scale reviews on climate change and health have made clear the need for a multi-sectoral approach to target t...
This Summary for Policymakers (SPM) presents key findings of the Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) on the physical science basis of climate change. The report builds upon the 2013 Working Group I contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5...
Pollution and health: a progress update
recommended
The Lancet Planetary Health Published:May 17, 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0
Every year pollution causes 9 million deaths—1 in every 6 deaths worldwide, according to a Lancet Commission on pollution and health.
While the number of deaths caused by household air pollution a...
Lancet Planet Health 2022;6: e760–68
The emergence of COVID-19 has drawn the attention of health researchers sharply back to the role that food systems can play in generating human disease burden. But emerging pandemic threats are just one dimension of the complex relationship between agriculture...
Climate change is already having severe impacts across our planet, bringing new and previously unimaginable challenges to the people least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.
This report, the first we’ve released jointly in the history of our organizations, provides a sobering review of h...
The primary audience for these recommendations includes health professionals who are responsible for developing national and local health-care guidelines and protocols and health workers involved in the provision of care to women and their newborns during pregnancy, labour and childbirth; this inclu...
The primary audience for these recommendations includes health professionals who are responsible for developing national and local health-care guidelines and protocols and health workers involved in the provision of care to women and their newborns during pregnancy, labour and childbirth; this inclu...
The primary audience for these recommendations includes health professionals who are responsible for developing national and local health-care guidelines and protocols and health workers involved in the provision of care to women and their newborns during pregnancy, labour and childbirth; this inclu...
