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Mpox Testing Strategy - November 2024

Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) CC

Mpox is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus closely related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in monkeys kept for research. The first human case was recorde...d in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during a period of intensified effort to eliminate smallpox and since then the infection has been reported in a number of African countries. Mpox can spread in humans through close contact, usually skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, with an infected person or animal, as well as with materials contaminated with the virus such as clothing, beddings and towels, and respiratory droplets in prolonged face to face contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected animals through handling infected meat or through bites or scratches. Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of material from a lesion for the virus’s DNA. Two separate clades of the mpox virus are currently circulating in Africa: Clade I, which includes subclades Ia and Ib, and Clade II, comprising subclades IIa and IIb. Clade Ia and Clade Ib have been associated with ongoing human-to-human transmission and are presently responsible for outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), while Clade Ib is also contributing to outbreaks in Burundi and other countries. In 2022‒2023 mpox caused a global outbreak in over 110 countries, most of which had no previous history of the disease, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission of clade II through sexual contact. In just over a year, over 90,000 cases and 150 deaths were reported to the WHO. For the second time since 2022, mpox has been declared a global health emergency as the virus spreads rapidly across the African continent. On 13 Aug 2024, Africa CDC declared the ongoing mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS), marking the first such declaration by the agency since its inception in 2017.7 This declaration empowered the Africa CDC to lead and coordinate responses to the mpox outbreak across affected African countries. On August 14, 2024, the WHO declared the resurgence of mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) emphasizing the need for coordinated international response. As of August 2024, Mpox has expanded beyond its traditional endemic regions, with new cases reported in countries including Sweden, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Sweden has confirmed its first case of Clade 1 variant, which has been rapidly spreading in Africa, particularly in DRC. The emergence of this new variant raises concerns about its potential for higher lethality and transmission rates outside Africa. more

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IMCI Pocket Book Of Obstetric, Neonatal And Paediatric Emergencies Including Major Trauma

World Health Organization (2011)

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The Treatment of Diarrhoea

World Health Organization WHO (2005) C_WHO

A manual for physicians and other senior health workers. This fourth revision of the manual reflects recent clinical experience and research findings in diarrhoea case management. Compared to earlier versions, it includes revised guidelines on the management of children with acute diarrhoea using th... more

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Caring For Children

Werner; W.; C. Thuman and J.Maxwell Hesperian (2013) CC

Chapter 21 from "Where there is no doctor"

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Clinical Management Rape Survivors Developing Protocols

World Health Organization; UNHCR (2004) C_WHO

Developing protocols for use with refugees and internally displaced persons

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Indicators and Reference Data: A Practical Tool for Project Managers in Humanitarian Aid

Marie Theres Benner and K. Peter Schmitz Malteser International (2011)

Operational Guideline

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Guidelines for Addressing HIV in Humanitarian Settings (IASC)
recommended

Inter-Agency Standing Committee UNAIDS (2010)

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Regional Guidelines for the Management of Severe Falciparum Malaria in Large Hospitals

World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia (2006) C_WHO

hese are two parallel guidelines, one for small hospitals and another one for large hospitals. In view of heavy burden of malaria and prevalence of drug resistant falciparum malaria in the South-East Asia Region, the guidelines were developed for use by medical personnel who treat severe malaria pat... more

Practical Pharmacy for Developing Countries No.24

Cepuch, C.; A. Ojoo, B. Amugune et al. Health Action International Africa (2010) CC

Issue No. 24

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WHO Monographs On Selected Medicinal Plants - Volume 3

World Health Organization WHO (2007) C_WHO

• provide scientific information on the safety, efficacy, and quality control/ quality assurance of widely used medicinal plants, in order to facilitate their appropriate use in Member States; • provide models to assist Member States in developing their own mono- graphs or formularies for these... more

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WHO Monographs On Selected Medicinal Plants - Volume 2

World Health Organization WHO (2007) C_WHO

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WHO Monographs On Selected Medicinal Plants - Volume 1

World Health Organization WHO (1999) C_WHO

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Handbook IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses
recommended

World Health Organization WHO; UNICEF (2005) C_WHO

The IMCI model handbook provides a detailed explanation of the IMCI case management guidelines. It is organized into seven main parts: overview of the IMCI process; assess and classify the sick child age 2 months up to 5 years; assess and classify the sick young infant age 1 week up to 2 months; ide... more

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HIV and TB in Practice for nurses: Starting ART for treatment and prevention in people with active TB and HIV

Theo Smart (2012) C1

HIV & AIDS Treatment in Practice No.199

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Management of Tuberculosis: A Guide to the Essentials of Good Clinical Practice
recommended

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2019) C1

The 7th edition of the Orange Guide provides practical guidance to health workers on the front line of TB control. It includes sections on HIV, MDR-TB and a review of the recommended treatment regimens

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Bad Bug Book

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2013)

Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins

How to Diagnose and Treat Leprosy

The International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations (ILEP) ILEP (2001) CC

This booklet is recommended for all health workers who diagnose and treat leprosy, especially those at the first referral level such as a health centre. It contains more detail than the WHO Guide to Eliminate Leprosy as a Public Health Problem. The Guide gives practical advice on how to diagnose lep... more

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Guidelines on Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-exposed and HIV-infected infants and children: Practical approaches to implementation and scale up

World Health Organization; UNICEF (2009) C_WHO

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Food Security And Nutrition In Emergency
recommended

The Johns Hopkins and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2007)

Chapter 9: Public health guide for emergencies

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Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: Guidelines for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
recommended

S. Bahendeka, S.Colagiuri, S. Mendis, et al. WHO (2012) C_WHO

Cancer, diabetes, heart disease and stroke, chronic respiratory disease

Guidelines for Addressing HIV in Humanitarian Settings (IASC) recommended

Handbook IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses recommended

Management of Tuberculosis: A Guide to the Essentials of Good Clinical Practice recommended

Food Security And Nutrition In Emergency recommended

Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: Guidelines for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings recommended

Guidelines for Addressing HIV in Humanitarian Settings (IASC)
recommended

Handbook IMCI Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses
recommended

Management of Tuberculosis: A Guide to the Essentials of Good Clinical Practice
recommended

Food Security And Nutrition In Emergency
recommended

Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: Guidelines for Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings
recommended